1-There are 18 volcanoes in the US with the potential to erupt again, all of them in Alaska, Hawaii and the West Coast states.
2-Rubies and sapphires are actually the same mineral - corundum. The basic chemical formula of corundum is Al2O3, but traces of iron stain the mineral red (ruby) while traces of chromium or titanium stain the mineral blue (sapphire).
3-Rubies, sapphires and emeralds are all more rare than diamonds.
4-Not all diamonds are transparent. They come in a variety of colors (called "fancies"), including yellow, green, blue, orange, brown ("champagne"), purple, grey, black (called carbanado, recently shown to be meteroic), milky white, pink, and red. Red is by far the rarest.
5-Antacids taste like chalk because they ARE chalk, a.k.a. calcium carbonate.
Hydrogen and Oxygen by themselves have 1 and 6 valence electrons, respectively. 8 valence electrons is stable, so the atoms form bonds with each other to achieve 8 valence e-.
In order to calculate how much heat is needed to raise the temperature you need to use the formula q =mass x specific heat x (final temperature- initial temperature) where q represents heat being absorbed or released. Before you begin you would convert kg to g because the specific heat is measure in g. So you would set up the equation as q = 358 g x .092 x (60-23 degrees Celsius) which would give you 1218.6
