The mass of pentane the student should weigh out is
The density of pentane is 0.626 gcm-3
To calculate the mass of pentane following expression is used,
(Density is defined as the mass divide by volume)
Density = mass / volume
mass of pentane = Density of pentane * Volume of pentane
mass of pentane = 0.626 gcm-3 * 45.0 mL
= 28.17 g
Here the unit of mass of pentane is g,
However the unit of density is gcm-3 and unit of volume is mL i.e. cm3
Hence, Mass = gcm-3 * cm3
Mass = g
The mass of pentane the student should weigh out is 28.17g
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Answer: 72 grams of
are needed to completely burn 19.7 g 
Explanation:
According to avogadro's law, 1 mole of every substance weighs equal to molecular mass and contains avogadro's number
of particles.
To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

Putting in the values we get:


According to stoichiometry:
1 mole of
requires 5 moles of oxygen
0.45 moles of
require=
moles of oxygen
Mass of 
72 grams of
are needed to completely burn 19.7 g 
If you mean temperature wise then it’s due to the clouds absorbing most of the sunlight, less clouds let’s more light through