Hi thereeeeeeeeeee! salt is ur answer !
delta g must be negative in order for the reaction to be spontaneous bb ♡
The flashlight's beam will all be refracted towards a central axis. But, this is still dependent on the type of lens that is used for the said activity. The speed of light will vary depending whether the lens is a concave or a convex lens. The exit point of the light will always head towards the central axis.