Answer:
<u>because of the process of refraction of light.</u>
Explanation:
Note, the term refraction refers to the process which results in the <em>bending of light </em>as it passes through a medium. This bending of light can make objects become magnified (or larger), or even smaller.
In this scenario, as the light passes slowly through water it affects how we perceive the objects (the words on the paper) behind the jar (more likely a glass jar). In other words, the light combined with the water refracts (changes direction of) the lights our eyes can see, making the letters seem to change size.
Answer:
a) +640 kJ/mol or +1.06x10⁻¹⁸ J
b) +276 kJ/mol
Explanation:
To dissociate the molecule, the bond must be broken, thus, it's necessary energy equal to the energy of the bond, which can be calculated by:
E = (Q1*Q2)/(4*π*ε*r)
Where Q is the charge of the ions, ε is a constant (8.854x10⁻¹²C²J ⁻¹ m⁻¹), and r is the bond length. Each one of the ions has a charge equal to 1. The elementary charge is 1.602x10⁻¹⁹C, which will be the charge of them.
1 mol has 6.022x10²³ molecules (Avogadros' number), so the energy of 1 mol is the energy of 1 molecule multiplied by it:
E = 6.022x10²³ *(1.602x10⁻¹⁹)²/(4π*8.854x10⁻¹²*2.17x10⁻¹⁰)
E = +640113 J/mol
E = +640 kJ/mol
Or at 1 molecule: E =640/6.022x10²³ = +1.06x10⁻²¹ kJ = +1.06x10⁻¹⁸ J
b) The energy variation to dissociate the molecule at its neutral atoms is the energy of dissociation less the difference of the ionization energy of K and the electron affinity of F (EA):
498 = 640 - (418 - EA)
640 -418 + EA = 498
222 + EA = 498
EA = +276 kJ/mol
The magma in the mantle layer moves, and while it's moving the plates move as well, forming mountains, volcanoes, ridges, etc.
A chemical equation describes a chemical reaction. Reactants are starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation. Products are the end-result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation.