A. radiation
Explanation:
The heat transfer mechanism that causes the surface of the earth to gain heat is by radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation is able to cause the heating of the surface by radiation.
Radiation is one of the methods of heat transfer the does not involve any particle.
The surface of the earth absorb some of the radiation and it causes them to warm up.
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The radius of an atom cannot be determined precisely because the atomic number would or might have an isotope. The results won't be accurate.
Radium is by far the more reactive non metal. It is in a group of elements that are extremely radioactive and unstable.
2NaCl + CaS → Na₂S + CaCl₂