Glucose and galactose are bond together in the molecule, and lactase assists in the process of separating them through a mechanism called hydrolysis. In lactose a water molecule is inserted across the glucose-galactose bond, adding an oxygen and hydrogen to the galactose.
Invasive species arrive inadvertently in ship ballast (both solid ballast and ballast water), on wooden shipping pallets, through canals (like the Erie Canal), as unseen 'hitchhikers' on people, animals, or boats, by escaping from agricultural areas, and by people introducing them on purpose, which is often the case .
Processes involving dissolved and particulate organic carbon are of central importance in shaping the chemical character of seawater. Marine organic carbon principally originates in the uppermost 100 metres of the oceans where dissolved inorganic carbon is photosynthetically converted to organic materials.