In photosynthesis, the movement of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen is proton gradient and is coupled to<u> transfer of </u><u>protons</u>.
Protons are transported across the thylakoid membrane and into the lumen through the electron transport chain (the space inside the thylakoid disk). Protons are simultaneously removed from the stroma by reduction of NADPH and added to the lumen via water splitting (the space outside the thylakoids). Protons are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen as a result of the electron passing through the first link in the electron transport chain. A fourth protein complex in the thylakoid membrane, ATP synthase, then uses the energy stored in this proton gradient to produce ATP. This protein complex, like the mitochondrial enzyme, links proton flow back across the membrane to the creation of ATP.
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<span>The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone in women. Both play an important role in the menstrual cycle: estrogen stops FSH production and stimulates LH release by the pituitary gland. Progesterone maintains the uterus’ lining. Men also produce estrogen, though at lower levels, and this is done through changing testosterone into estrogen with an enzyme.</span>
Answer:
The correct answer is c. smoking
Explanation:
Cigarette contains tobacco and it is identified that cigarette smoke has up to 7000 chemicals out of which 250 are poisonous and 70 chemicals are found to be carcinogenic.
Smoking is the main cause and greatest risk factor for bladder cancer. The person who smoke regularly are 3 times more prone to get bladder cancer than non-smokers. Smoking causes cancer in other organs and tissue like lungs, mouth, esophagus, throat, liver, pancreas, stomach, etc. Therefore the correct answer is c.
Well, it's obvious, because without a transport system, cells wouldn't have the nutrients and things they needed!! And waste wouldn't be able to circulate out of cells.
The best choice is uneven heat distribution because If a place has a warm are it has low pressure and if it has a cold area it has high pressure.
Wind moves from areas of high air pressure to low air pressure.
Example: Land Breeze and Sea Breeze.
Th earth has uneven distribution due to different angles of insolation and by earth tilts.
