Chemical to thermal to electrical current: Burning of coal or natural gases. Gravitational potential to kinetic to electrical current.
I’m assuming we’re suppose to get some kind of graph but, Instantaneous speed is the speed that is happening right now. Like driving a car at 15k/h. The instantaneous speed of the car 15k/h. On the graph, at 5s. Wherever the line is, will tell you what the speed is.
politics. Famous possible eg is of Werner Heisenberg in WW2. He delayed German attempt to build a nuclear bomb. US did build one ... hiroshima and nagasaki.
debbie may have got skilfully lucky by trial and error