Substitution Reactions are those reactions in which one nucleophile replaces another nucleophile present on a substrate. These reactions can take place via two different mechanism i.e SN¹ or SN². In SN¹ substitution reactions the leaving group leaves first forming a carbocation and nucleophile attacks carbocation in the second step. While in SN² reactions the addition of Nucleophile and leaving of leaving group take place simultaneously.
Example:
OH⁻ + CH₃-Br → CH₃-OH + Br⁻
In above reaction,
OH⁻ = Incoming Nucleophile
CH₃-Br = Substrate
CH₃-OH = Product
Br⁻ = Leaving group
Organic reactions are typically slower than ionic reactions because in organic compounds the covalent bonds are first broken, this breaking of bonds is a slower step, while, in ionic compounds no bond breakage is required as it consists of ions, so only bond formation takes place which is a quicker and fast step.
Answer:
They all wear their skeletons on the outside! This is called an exoskeleton and all creatures that have their structure on the outside are included in the phylum of Arthropods.
Explanation:
Answer: D. test tubes, thermometers, etc
I think this is the correct answer. Sorry if it is not.
Explanation:
Answer: C
Explanation:
The one closest to the atomic center, there is a single 1s orbital that can hold 2 electrons. At the next energy level, there are four orbitals.
