Carbon has an outer shell consisting of 4 valence electrons. ... Thus, a carbon ion can have a charge of anywhere from -4 to +4, depending on if it loses or gains electrons. Although the most common oxidation states of carbon are +4 and +2, carbon is able to make ions with oxidation states of +3, +1, -1, -2, and -3.
J.j. Thomson discovered them
Gain a higher average kinetic energy. Rearrange into a more chronological order state, closer together, and they move more slowly.
HNO3 is Nitric acid
HNO3 can be called hydrogen nitrate if gaseous so watch out for state symbols...
HNO3(l) =nitric acid
HNO3(g) = hydrogen nitrate
saltpetre is a potassium salt KNO3
Nitrous acid is HNO2
hope that helps
No mathematics the most common way of solving an equation will be PEMDAS so the answer for your question will most likely be subtraction.