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geniusboy [140]
1 year ago
14

Which of these data points is the most reliable?

Chemistry
1 answer:
Sonja [21]1 year ago
5 0

Answer:

third point

Explanation:

omniscient because it gives info about every character instead of one  

hope this helps

You might be interested in
Consider the following reaction where K. = 154 at 298 K: 2NO(g) + Brz(9) 2NOBr(g) A reaction mixture was found to contain 2.69x1
bekas [8.4K]

Explanation:

2NO(g) + Br_2(g)\rightleftharpoons 2NOBr(g)

Equilibrium constant of reaction = K=154

Concentration of NO = [NO]=\frac{2.69\times 10^{-2} mol}{1 L}=2.69\times 10^{-2} M

Concentration of bromine gas = [Br_2]=\frac{3.85\times 10^{-2} mol}{1 L}=3.85\times 10^{-2} M

Concentration of NOBr gas = [Br_2]=\frac{9.56\times 10^{-2} mol}{1 L}=9.56\times 10^{-2} M

The reaction quotient is given as:

Q=\frac{[NOBr]^2}{[NO]^2[Br_2]}=\frac{(9.56\times 10^{-2} M)^2}{(2.69\times 10^{-2} M)^2\times 3.85\times 10^{-2} M}

Q=328.06

Q>K

The reaction will go in backward direction in order to achieve an equilibrium state.

1. In order to reach equilibrium NOBr (g) must be produced.  False

2. In order to reach equilibrium K must decrease. False

3. In order to reach equilibrium NO must be produced. True

4. Q. is less than K . False

5. The reaction is at equilibrium. No further reaction will occur. False

8 0
2 years ago
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 how many unpaired electrons are in the atom represented by the electron configuration above?
Sedbober [7]
It's a combination of factors:
Less electrons paired in the same orbital
More electrons with parallel spins in separate orbitals
Pertinent valence orbitals NOT close enough in energy for electron pairing to be stabilized enough by large orbital size
DISCLAIMER: Long answer, but it's a complicated issue, so... :)
A lot of people want to say that it's because a "half-filled subshell" increases stability, which is a reason, but not necessarily the only reason. However, for chromium, it's the significant reason.
It's also worth mentioning that these reasons are after-the-fact; chromium doesn't know the reasons we come up with; the reasons just have to be, well, reasonable.
The reasons I can think of are:
Minimization of coulombic repulsion energy
Maximization of exchange energy
Lack of significant reduction of pairing energy overall in comparison to an atom with larger occupied orbitals
COULOMBIC REPULSION ENERGY
Coulombic repulsion energy is the increased energy due to opposite-spin electron pairing, in a context where there are only two electrons of nearly-degenerate energies.
So, for example...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−− is higher in energy than
↑
↓
−−−−−

↓
↑
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
To make it easier on us, we can crudely "measure" the repulsion energy with the symbol
Π
c
. We'd just say that for every electron pair in the same orbital, it adds one
Π
c
unit of destabilization.
When you have something like this with parallel electron spins...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
It becomes important to incorporate the exchange energy.
EXCHANGE ENERGY
Exchange energy is the reduction in energy due to the number of parallel-spin electron pairs in different orbitals.
It's a quantum mechanical argument where the parallel-spin electrons can exchange with each other due to their indistinguishability (you can't tell for sure if it's electron 1 that's in orbital 1, or electron 2 that's in orbital 1, etc), reducing the energy of the configuration.
For example...
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−− is lower in energy than
↑
↓
−−−−−

↓
↑
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
To make it easier for us, a crude way to "measure" exchange energy is to say that it's equal to
Π
e
for each pair that can exchange.
So for the first configuration above, it would be stabilized by
Π
e
(
1
↔
2
), but the second configuration would have a
0
Π
e
stabilization (opposite spins; can't exchange).
PAIRING ENERGY
Pairing energy is just the combination of both the repulsion and exchange energy. We call it
Π
, so:
Π
=
Π
c
+
Π
e

Inorganic Chemistry, Miessler et al.
Inorganic Chemistry, Miessler et al.
Basically, the pairing energy is:
higher when repulsion energy is high (i.e. many electrons paired), meaning pairing is unfavorable
lower when exchange energy is high (i.e. many electrons parallel and unpaired), meaning pairing is favorable
So, when it comes to putting it together for chromium... (
4
s
and
3
d
orbitals)
↑
↓
−−−−−
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
compared to
↑
↓
−−−−−
↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−

↑
↓
−−−−−
is more stable.
For simplicity, if we assume the
4
s
and
3
d
electrons aren't close enough in energy to be considered "nearly-degenerate":
The first configuration has
Π
=
10
Π
e
.
(Exchanges:
1
↔
2
,
1
↔
3
,
1
↔
4
,
1
↔
5
,
2
↔
3
,

2
↔
4
,
2
↔
5
,
3
↔
4
,
3
↔
5
,
4
↔
5
)
The second configuration has
Π
=
Π
c
+
6
Π
e
.
(Exchanges:
1
↔
2
,
1
↔
3
,
1
↔
4
,
2
↔
3
,
2
↔
4
,
3
↔
4
)
Technically, they are about
3.29 eV
apart (Appendix B.9), which means it takes about
3.29 V
to transfer a single electron from the
3
d
up to the
4
s
.
We could also say that since the
3
d
orbitals are lower in energy, transferring one electron to a lower-energy orbital is helpful anyways from a less quantitative perspective.
COMPLICATIONS DUE TO ORBITAL SIZE
Note that for example,
W
has a configuration of
[
X
e
]
5
d
4
6
s
2
, which seems to contradict the reasoning we had for
Cr
, since the pairing occurred in the higher-energy orbital.
But, we should also recognize that
5
d
orbitals are larger than
3
d
orbitals, which means the electron density can be more spread out for
W
than for
Cr
, thus reducing the pairing energy
Π
.
That is,
Π
W
5 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Atoms and elements are examples of A. molecules. B. mixtures. C. compounds. D. pure substances.
UkoKoshka [18]

Answer:

atom are very tiny partical

3 0
2 years ago
A double-replacement reaction takes place when aqueous cobalt (III) chloride reacts with aqueous lithium hydroxide. One of the p
olga55 [171]
The correct answer is Co(OH) 3
5 0
3 years ago
What is the volume that you should dilute 30mL of a 12.0M H2SO4 solution to obtain a 0.160M H2SO4 solution?
shutvik [7]
To solve this problem, the dilution equation (M1 x V1 = M2 X V2) must be used. The given values in the problem are M1= 12.0 M, V1= 30 mL, and M2= 0.160 M. To solve for V2,
V2=M1xV1/M2
V2= (12x30)/0.16
V2= 2,250 mL.
The correct answer is 2.25 L.
8 0
2 years ago
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