Electronegativity is the strength an atom has to attract a bonding pair of electrons to itself. When a chlorine atom covalently bonds to another chlorine atom, the shared electron pair is shared equally. The electron density that comprises the covalent bond is located halfway between the two atoms.
But what happens when the two atoms involved in a bond aren’t the same? The two positively charged nuclei have different attractive forces; they “pull” on the electron pair to different degrees. The end result is that the electron pair is shifted toward one atom.
ATTRACTING ELECTRONS: ELECTRONEGATIVITIES
The larger the value of the electronegativity, the greater the atom’s strength to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The following figure shows the electronegativity values of the various elements below each element symbol on the periodic table. With a few exceptions, the electronegativities increase, from left to right, in a period, and decrease, from top to bottom, in a family.
Electronegativities give information about what will happen to the bonding pair of electrons when two atoms bond. A bond in which the electron pair is equally shared is called a nonpolar covalent bond. You have a nonpolar covalent bond anytime the two atoms involved in the bond are the same or anytime the difference in the electronegativities of the atoms involved in the bond is very small.

Now consider hydrogen chloride (HCl). Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.1, and chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.0. The electron pair that is bonding HCl together shifts toward the chlorine atom because it has a larger electronegativity value.
A bond in which the electron pair is shifted toward one atom is called a polar covalent bond. The atom that more strongly attracts the bonding electron pair is slightly more negative, while the other atom is slightly more positive. The larger the difference in the electronegativities, the more negative and positive the atoms become.
Now look at a case in which the two atoms have extremely different electronegativities — sodium chloride (NaCl). Sodium chloride is ionically bonded. An electron has transferred from sodium to chlorine. Sodium has an electronegativity of 1.0, and chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.0.
That’s an electronegativity difference of 2.0 (3.0 – 1.0), making the bond between the two atoms very, very polar. In fact, the electronegativity difference provides another way of predicting the kind of bond that will form between two elements, as indicated in the following table.
Electronegativity DifferenceType of Bond Formed0.0 to 0.2nonpolar covalent0.3 to 1.4polar covalent> 1.5ionic
The presence of a polar covalent bond in a molecule can
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The specific heat capacity is intensive, and does not depend on the quantity.
We can categorize a property of the compound as either intensive or extensive when defining a particular aspect of it. The extent of a drug or compound is a quality that is influenced by the sample size used. However, the intense property is independent of the quantity (we can say that it is independent on the amount of the sample used). One such example of an intensive property is density.
The specific heat capacity of a substance or a compound describes the amount of heat (in Joules) needed to increase the temperature of one gram of the substance by 1 unit.
The specific heat capacity is independent on the amount of substance used, therefore, it is classified as an intensive property of a substance. The specific heat capacity will not depend on the mass of the given substance and it will be a constant value for each substance.
So the specific heat capacity is intensive, and does not depend on the quantity, but the heat capacity is extensive, so two grams of liquid water have twice the heat capacitance of 1 gram, but the specific heat capacity, the heat capacity per gram, is the same, 4.184 (J/g.K).
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Answer:
Molar mass X = 18.2 g/mol
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
Mass of compound X = 231 mg = 0.231 grams
Mass of benzene = 65.0 grams
The freezing point of the solution is measured to be 4.5 °C.
Freezing point of pure benzene = 5.5 °C
The freezing point constant for benzene is 5.12 °C/m
Step 2: Calculate molality
ΔT = i*Kf*m
⇒ΔT = the freezing point depression = 5.5 °C - 4.5 °C = 1.0 °C
⇒i = the Van't hoff factor = 1
⇒Kf = the freezing point depression constant for benzene = 5.12 °C/m
⇒m = the molality = moles X / mass benzene
m = 1.0 / 5.12 °C/m
m = 0.1953 molal
Step 3: Calculate moles X
Moles X = molality * mass benzene
Moles X = 0.1953 molal * 0.065 kg
Moles X = 0.0127 moles
Step 4: Calculate molar mass X
Molar mass X = mass / moles
Molar mass X = 0.231 grams / 0.0127 moles
Molar mass X = 18.2 g/mol
