Answer:
Saponification is a process in which soap is formed from mixtures of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. These fatty acids are reacted high temperature of At 80°C-100°C with alkali to extract salt. These alkali can be sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
Soap has both polar (ionic) and non polar molecules due to which it has characteristics of both hydrophilic substance (having tendency to mix with water) and hydrophobic substance (have tendency to mix with oils) and due to this nature it can act as an emulsifier.
An emulsifier has tendency to diffuse one liquid into another liquid which is incapable of mixing with homogeneous liquid like water.
Cleansing action takes place due to presence of ionic and non-polar properties at same time, in combination with solubility principles. The ionic end of soap molecule is the salt end. It is hydrophilic (water soluble) in nature. The non-polar end cotains long hydrocarbon chains and is hydrophobic (water repellent).
When immiscible liquids like grease or oil mixed with soap water, non polar end (hydrophobic end) absorbs the dirt which means the soap will form the micelles and trap the dirt in it. As micelles is soluble in water it will remove the dirt with it.
Answer:
The velocity at R/2 (midway between the wall surface and the centerline) is given by (3/4)(Vmax) provided that Vmax is the maximum velocity in the tube.
Explanation:
Starting from the shell momentum balance equation, it can be proved that the velocity profile for fully developedblaminar low in a circular pipe of internal radius R and a radial axis starting from the centre of the pipe at r=0 to r=R is given as
v = (ΔPR²/4μL) [1 - (r²/R²)]
where v = fluid velocity at any point in the radial direction
ΔP = Pressure drop across the pipe
μ = fluid viscosity
L = pipe length
But the maximum velocity of the fluid occurs at the middle of the pipe when r=0
Hence, maximum veloxity is
v(max) = (ΔPR²/4μL)
So, velocity at any point in the radial direction is
v = v(max) [1 - (r²/R²)]
At the point r = (R/2)
r² = (R²/4)
(r²/R²) = r² ÷ R² = (R²/4) ÷ (R²) = (1/4)
So,
1 - (r²/R²) = 1 - (1/4) = (3/4)
Hence, v at r = (R/2) is given as
v = v(max) × (3/4)
Hope this Helps!!!
Answer:
Explanation:
One the object is attached the toggle it's placed onto the bolt. The wings should be open in the direction of the bolt head. The toggle is than collapsed and the entire toggle bolt is inserted into the hole in the wall. Once the wings are fully through the opening they will spring open on the other side.
Hopt it's help thanks..
Water vapor and carbon dioxide!
