It is not directly over a flame because it depends on the substance you might not want to heat it too much.you never know what could happen
Never mind, I did the problem wrong, I deeply apologize.
Superscript o subscript negative 1 e.
Explanation:
The nuclear reactions is of 2 types, one is nuclear fusion and the other one is nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion is nothing but the combining of 2 nuclei with an emission of energy along with an electron, proton or beta particle.
Nuclear fission is the break down of a nucleus into 2 or more nuclei along with an electron, proton or beta particle.
And the reaction is,
₅₆B¹²⁴ ₅₅C¹²⁴ + ₋₁e⁰
So the blank was filled by means of a beta particle.
1. According to Rutherford and soddy's law of Beta emission:

3. According to Rutherford and soddy's law of Alpha emission:

4. The process in which two or more light nuclei are combined to form a single nucleus with the release of tremendous amount of energy is called a nuclear fusion. The inner core of Sun is at very high temperature and is suitable for fusion. In fact the source of energy of Sun and other stars is nuclear fusion reactions.
Answer:
a. NH3+ HCl → NH4Cl
c. 2O3 → 3O2
Explanation:
A redox reaction is a reaction in which there is loss or gain of electrons. As a result of that , there is a change in the oxidation number of the species involved in the reaction.
If we look at the species shown in the answer, there isn't any change in oxidation number as we move from left to right hence they are not redox reactions.
Redox reactions lead to change in oxidation number of species from left to right.