Explanation:
formula for force is:
force=mass × acceleration
but in case of friction
force =coefficient of friction × Normal Reaction
F. = u × R
U = F/R
but when placed horizontally
R= M×G
M=mass=60kg
G=Gravity(10m/s or 9.8m/s)
F=140N
U=140/60×10
U=140/600
U=0.2333333333
approximately to 3 significant figures
U=0.233
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Answers:
a) 
b) 
c) 
Explanation:
<h3>a) Impulse delivered to the ball</h3>
According to the Impulse-Momentum theorem we have the following:
(1)
Where:
is the impulse
is the change in momentum
is the final momentum of the ball with mass 
and final velocity (to the right) 
is the initial momentum of the ball with initial velocity (to the left) 
So:
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
<h3>b) Time </h3>
This time can be calculated by the following equations, taking into account the ball undergoes a maximum compression of approximately 
:
(6)
(7)
Where:
is the acceleration
is the length the ball was compressed
is the time
Finding from (7):
(8)
(9)
(10)
Substituting (10) in (6):
(11)
Finding :
(12)
<h3>c) Force applied to the ball by the bat </h3>
According to Newton's second law of motion, the force 
is proportional to the variation of momentum in time 
:
(13)
(14)
Finally:
Answer:
Valence electrons are outer shell electrons with an atom and can participate in the formation of chemical bonds. In single covalent bonds, typically both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. The ground state of an atom is the lowest energy state of the atom.
