The electrons are arranged in different orbitals, at different energy levels and sublevels.
<h3>What are Orbitals ?</h3>
An atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom.
This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus.
Following are the sublevel with the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated by it ;
- 2 Electrons : S-Subshell
- 6 Electrons : P-Subshell
- 10 Electrons : d-Subshell
- 14 Electrons : f-Subshell
Therefore, S-Subshell has 2 electrons, P-subshell has 3 electrons, d-subshell has 10 electrons and f-subshell has 14 electrons.
Learn more about Subshells here ,
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Explanation:
Chlorine atom has an atomic number of 17
Electronic configuration
Cl = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Cl- = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Soduim atom has an atomic number of 11
Electronic configuration
Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Na+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6
Calcium atom has an atomic number of 20
Electronic configuration
Ca = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Ca2+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Answer:In alpha decay, shown in Fig. 3-3, the nucleus emits a 4He nucleus, an alpha particle. Alpha decay occurs most often in massive nuclei that have too large a proton to neutron ratio. An alpha particle, with its two protons and two neutrons, is a very stable configuration of particles. Alpha radiation reduces the ratio of protons to neutrons in the parent nucleus, bringing it to a more stable configuration. Many nuclei more massive than lead decay by this method.
Consider the example of 210Po decaying by the emission of an alpha particle. The reaction can be written 210Po Æ 206Pb + 4He. This polonium nucleus has 84 protons and 126 neutrons. The ratio of protons to neutrons is Z/N = 84/126, or 0.667. A 206Pb nucleus has 82 protons and 124 neutrons, which gives a ratio of 82/124, or 0.661. This small change in the Z/N ratio is enough to put the nucleus into a more stable state, and as shown in Fig. 3-4, brings the "daughter" nucleus (decay product) into the region of stable nuclei in the Chart of the Nuclides.
In alpha decay, the atomic number changes, so the original (or parent) atoms and the decay-product (or daughter) atoms are different elements and therefore have different chemical properties.
Upper end of the Chart of the Nuclides
In the alpha decay of a nucleus, the change in binding energy appears as the kinetic energy of the alpha particle and the daughter nucleus. Because this energy must be shared between these two particles, and because the alpha particle and daughter nucleus must have equal and opposite momenta, the emitted alpha particle and recoiling nucleus will each have a well-defined energy after the decay. Because of its smaller mass, most of the kinetic energy goes to the alpha particle.
Answer:
Q9. The independent variable in this experiment is the fertilizer. It is independent because she manipulating the variable to compare the growth.
Q10. The dependent variable in this experiment is the amount of growth of the corn. It is this because the growth depends on what the scientist did on the corn.
Q11. The variable controlled in this experiment is the amount of sun and water. These two variables never change so this is why it is the control.
Explanation: