The statement which is false about the intergumentary system is option D. "Keratin is the pigment responsible for skin color."
Even though the skin color of human beings is affected y different substances, the pigment melanin is responsible for it. Melanin is produced within the skin in cells known as melanocytes and it determines of the skin color of darker-skinned humans.
For instance, the skin color of those who have light skin is determined primary by the bluish-white connective tissue placed beneath the dermis and by the hemoglobin which circulates in the veins of the dermis.
Explanation:
<u>anaerobic process that restores NAD+ supply
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Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors:
- - a lack of inorganic, final electron acceptors
- -incomplete or lack of a complete electron transport system
- -missing genes for enzymes within the Kreb's cycle
Thus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.
Further Explanation:
overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate( through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
Oxidative phosphorylation describes a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2)
- The Citric acid or Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
- The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.
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In a child with sore throat, otherwise known as pharyngitis, the most common etiologic agent that causes pharyngitis is adenoviruses. Although, with a high grade fever and a red, inflamed throat, a bacterial etiology can be considered and the most common bacterial agent in pharyngitis is <em>Streptococcus pyogenes. </em>There are suppurative and non-suppurative complications following an untreated streptococcal infection. Suppurative complications (which involves pus) includes tonsillar abscess or collection of pus within the tonsils, otitis media or the infection of the middle compartment of the ear canal, sinusitis, etc. The non-suppurative complications are more serious than suppurative complications. There are two non-suppurative complications, (1) acute rheumatic fever which can progress to rheumatic heart disease which affects the valves of the heart and can ultimately lead to heart failure, and (2) acute glomerulonephritis which involves streptococcal antibodies attacking the glomerular basement membrane in the kidneys and this will present as oliguria (decreased urine production), hypertension (from fluid overload), and hematuria (blood in the urine).
