What ion must be present for a compound to be considered a base?

Consider the pka (3.75) of formic acid, h-cooh as a reference. with appropriate examples, show how inductive, dipole, and resona

Luden [163]

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid with a structure of HCOOH and has a pka of 3.75. The pka refers to the acidity of the molecule, which in this example refers to the molecules ability to give up the proton of the O-H. A decrease in the pka value corresponds to an increase in acidity, or an increase in the ability to give up a proton. When an acid gives up a proton, the remaining anionic species (in this case HCOO-) is called the conjugate base, and an increase in the stability of the conjugate base corresponds to an increase in acidity.

The pka of a carboxylic can be affected greatly by the presence of various functional groups within its structure. An example of an inductive effect changing the pka can be shown with trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH. This molecule has a pka of 0.7. The decrease in pka relative to formic acid is due to the presence of the Cl3C- group, and more specifically the presence of the chlorine atoms. The electronegative chlorine atoms are able to withdraw the electron density away from the oxygen atoms and towards themselves, thus helping to stabilize the negative charge and stabilize the conjugate base. This results in an increase in acidity and decrease in pka.

The same Cl3CCOOH example can be used to explain how dipoles can effect the acidity of carboxylic acids. Compared to standard acetic acid, H3CCOOH with a pka of 4.76, trichloroacetic acid is much more acidic. The difference between these structures is the presence of C-Cl bonds in place of C-H bonds. A C-Cl bond is much more polar than a C-H bond, due the large electronegativity of the chlorine atom. This results in a carbon with a partial positive charge and a chlorine with a partial negative charge. In the conjugate base of the acid, where the molecule has a negative charge localized on the oxygen atoms, the dipole moment of the C-Cl bond is oriented such that the partial positive charge is on the carbon that is adjacent to the oxygen atoms containing the negative charge. Therefore, the electrostatic attraction between the positive end of the C-Cl dipole and the negative charge of the anionic oxygen helps to stabilize the entire species. This level of stabilization is not present in acetic acid where there are C-H bonds instead of C-Cl bonds since the C-H bonds do not have a large dipole moment.

To understand how resonance can affect the pka of a species, we can simply compare the pka of a simple alcohol such as methanol, CH3OH, and formic acid, HCOOH. The pka of methanol is 16, suggesting that is is a very weak acid. Once methanol gives up that proton to become the conjugate base CH3O-, the charge cannot be stabilized in any way and is simply localized on the oxygen atom. However, with a carboxylic acid, the conjugate base, HCOO-, can stabilize the negative charge. The lone pair electrons containing the charge on the oxygen atom are able to migrate to the other oxygen atom of the carboxylic acid. The negative charge can now be shared between the two electronegative oxygen atoms, thus stabilizing the charge and decreasing the pka.

3 0

4 years ago

A plant uses energy from the sun to make food what kind of energy transformation is this

IRISSAK [1]

Answer:

photosynthesis

Explanation:

bsbsbsns

5 0

3 years ago

3.1

stich3 [128]

Answer:

C3H8 +5O2 arrow 3CO2 +4H2O

4 0

3 years ago

To what family of the periodic table does this new element probably belong

julsineya [31]

<span>Ionization energy (IE) is the amount of energy required to remove an electron. If you observe the IEs sequentially, there is a large gap between the 2nd and 3rd. This suggests it is difficult to remove more than 2 two electrons. Elements that lose two electrons to become more stable are found in the Group 2A (2 representing the number of electrons in the outermost valence shell).</span>

6 0

3 years ago

A mixture of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and barium carbonate, BaCO3, weighing 5.40 g reacts fully with hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq)

amid [387]

Answer:

CaCO₃ = 85.18%

BaCO₃ = 14.82%

Explanation:

The acid will react with the salts, the partial reactions are:

CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

BaCO₃ + 2HCl → BaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

So, the total amount of CaCO₃ BaCO₃ will form the CO₂.

Using the ideal gas law to calculate the number of moles of CO₂:

PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant (0.082 atm*L/mol*K), and T is the temperature (50ºC + 273 = 323 K).

0.904*1.39 = n*0.082*323

26.486n = 1.25656

n = 0.05 mol

So, the number of moles of the mixture is 0.05 mol.

The molar masses of the components are:

CaCO₃ = 40 g/mol of Ca + 12 g/mol of C + 3*16 g/mol of O = 100 g/mol

BaCO₃ = 137.3 g/mol of Ba + 12 g/mol of C + 3*16 g/mol of O = 197.3 g/mol

Let's call x the number of moles of CaCO₃ and y the number of moles of BaCO₃, so:

100x + 197.3y = 5.4

x + y = 0.05 mol

y = 0.05 - x

100x + 197.3*(0.05 - x) = 5.4

100x - 197.3x = 5.4 - 9.865

97.3x = 4.465

x = 0.046 mol of CaCO₃

y = 0.004 mol of BaCO₃

So, the masses are:

CaCO₃ = 100* 0.046 = 4.60 g

BaCO₃ = 137.3*0.004 = 0.80 g

The percentages in the mixture are:

CaCO₃ = (4.60/5.40)*100% = 85.18%

BaCO₃ = (0.80/5.40)*100% = 14.82%

4 0

3 years ago