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marysya [2.9K]
4 years ago
8

Please help ASAP please and thanks!! I'll also mark you!

Chemistry
1 answer:
skelet666 [1.2K]4 years ago
7 0
Substitution Reactions are those reactions in which one nucleophile replaces another nucleophile present on a substrate. These reactions can take place via two different mechanism i.e SN¹ or SN². In SN¹ substitution reactions the leaving group leaves first forming a carbocation and nucleophile attacks carbocation in the second step. While in SN² reactions the addition of Nucleophile and leaving of leaving group take place simultaneously.
 
Example:
                        OH⁻  +  CH₃-Br     →     CH₃-OH  +  Br⁻

In above reaction,

                   OH⁻  = Incoming Nucleophile

                   CH₃-Br  =  Substrate

                   CH₃-OH  =  Product

                   Br⁻  =  Leaving group

Organic reactions are typically slower than ionic reactions because in organic compounds the covalent bonds are first broken, this breaking of bonds is a slower step, while, in ionic compounds no bond breakage is required as it consists of ions, so only bond formation takes place which is a quicker and fast step.
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Which substance in each of the following pairs would you expect to have the higher boiling point? Explain why.
satela [25.4K]

Explanation:

Boiling point is defined as the temperature when the vapor pressure of liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure surrounding the liquid. And, during this temperature liquid state of substance changes into vapor state.

More stronger is the presence of intermolecular forces within the molecules of a compound more heat is required by it to break the bond. Hence, boiling point will also increase.

(a)  As both Ne and Xe are noble gases and has intermolecular dispersion forces. But as the atomic size of Xe is more than the atomic size of Ne and we know that dispersion forces increases with increase in size.

Hence, boiling point of Xe will be more than the boiling point of Ne.

(b)   Both CO_{2} and CS_{2} are non-polar in nature with intermolecular dispersion forces. So, more is the molecular weight of a compound more heat will be required by it in order to break the bonds.

As molecular weight of CS_{2} is more than the molecular weight of CO_{2}. Hence, CS_{2}  will have high boiling point.

(c)  Molecular weight of CH_{4} is 16 g/mol and molecular weight of Cl_{2} is 35 g/mol.

Hence, Cl_{2} will have high boiling point due to the presence of high molecular weight as compared to CH_{4} and more strong dispersion forces.

(d) F_{2} is a covalent compound so, it will also be non-polar in nature. Hence, it has weak intermolecular dispersion forces. On the other hand, LiF is an ionic compound and it has strong intermolecular forces of attraction due to the presence of opposite charges on the combining atoms.

Hence, LiF will have high boiling point as compared to F_{2}.

(e)  Both NH_{3} and PH_{3} are polar molecules in which dipole-dipole forces does exist. Since, nitrogen atom is more electronegative than phosphorous atom so, it will have stronger hydrogen bonding and strong intermolecular forces.

Hence, NH_{3} will have high boiling point as compared to PH_{3}.

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Explanation:

Use the molecular formula to find the molar mass; to obtain the number of moles, divide the mass of compound by the molar mass of the compound expressed in grams.

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