Hey there!
No of hybrid orbitals , H = ( V +S - C + A ) / 2
Where H = no . of hybrid orbitals
V = Valence of the central atom = 5
S = No . of single valency atoms = 4
C = No . of cations = 1
A = No . of anions = 0
For PCl4 +
Plug the values we get H = ( 5+4-1+0) / 2
H = 4 ---> sp3 hybridization
sp3 hybrid orbitals are used by phosphorous in the PCl4+ cations
Answer C
Hope that helps!
<span>you have to find the differences of electronegativity for the atoms joined by the bond. if their diff is <0.4,
then it's non-polar
if it's between 0.4 to 1.7
then it's polar
1.7 and up it's ionic
Electronegativity values can be found on most periodic tables.</span>
You can get the answer on quizlet or google
Oxygen and water
Plants release water through osmosis and oxygen through stomata
7 protons means that N atom has 7 electrons
1st level can have only 2 e⁻, and we have left over of 7-2=5 e⁻, that will go on the second level.
B. 2,5
