Answer:All materials are made up from atoms, and all atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons, have a positive electrical charge. Neutrons have no electrical charge (that is they are Neutral), while Electrons have a negative electrical charge. Atoms are bound together by powerful forces of attraction existing between the atoms nucleus and the electrons in its outer shell.
All materials are made up from atoms, and all atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons, have a positive electrical charge. Neutrons have no electrical charge (that is they are Neutral), while Electrons have a negative electrical charge. Atoms are bound together by powerful forces of attraction existing between the atoms nucleus and the electrons in its outer shell.
Electrical Voltage
Voltage, ( V ) is the potential energy of an electrical supply stored in the form of an electrical charge. Voltage can be thought of as the force that pushes electrons through a conductor and the greater the voltage the greater is its ability to “push” the electrons through a given circuit. As energy has the ability to do work this potential energy can be described as the work required in joules to move electrons in the form of an electrical current around a circuit from one point or node to another.
Then the difference in voltage between any two points, connections or junctions (called nodes) in a circuit is known as the Potential Difference, ( p.d. ) commonly called the Voltage Drop.
he Potential difference between two points is measured in Volts with the circuit symbol V, or lowercase “v“, although Energy, E lowercase “e” is sometimes used to indicate a generated emf (electromotive force). Then the greater the voltage, the greater is the pressure (or pushing force) and the greater is the capacity to do work.
A constant voltage source is called a DC Voltage with a voltage that varies periodically with time is called an AC voltage. Voltage is measured in volts, with one volt being defined as the electrical pressure required to force an electrical current of one ampere through a resistance of one Ohm. Voltages are generally expressed in Volts with prefixes used to denote sub-multiples of the voltage such as microvolts ( μV = 10-6 V ), millivolts ( mV = 10-3 V ) or kilovolts ( kV = 103 V ). Voltage can be either positive or negative.
Well, first of all, the formula for finding potential energy is;
PE=mgh
Where; m is the mass
g is the gravitational force or acceleration due to gravity
h is the height.
Anyway, according to the question, the mass is 1kg, the acceleration due to gravity has a constant value of 10ms² . And the height is 3m. Now you just have to use all these in the formula. So;
mgh= 1 x 10 x 3. That will be 30. And the unit of potential energy is Joule. So the answer is 30 joules. Hope i helped. Have a nice day.
Answer:
[Cl₂] in equilibrium is 1.26 M
Explanation:
This is the equilibrium:
PCl₃(g) + Cl₂(g) ⇋ PCl₅(g)
Kc = 91
So let's analyse, all the process:
PCl₃(g) + Cl₂(g) ⇋ PCl₅(g)
Initially 0.24 M 1.50M 0.12 M
React x x x
Some amount of compound has reacted during the process.
In equilibrium we have
0.24 - x 1.50 - x 0.12 + x
As initially we have moles of product, in equilibrium we have to sum them.
Let's make the expression for Kc
Kc = [PCl₅] / [Cl₂] . [PCl₃]
91 = (0.12 + x) / (0.24 - x) ( 1.50 - x)
91 = (0.12 + x) / (0.36 - 0.24x - 1.5x + x²)
91 (0.36 - 0.24x - 1.5x + x²) = (0.12 + x)
32.76 - 158.34x + 91x² = 0.12 +x
32.64 - 159.34x + 91x² = 0
This a quadratic function:
a = 91; b= -159.34; c = 32.64
(-b +- √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a
Solution 1 = 1.5
Solution 2 = 0.23 (This is our value)
So [Cl₂] in equilibrium is 1.50 - 0.23 = 1.26 M
Answer:
The order is:
F >Be >Li >Ba
Explanation:
Electrons are held in atoms by their attraction to the nucleus which means that to remove an electron from the atom energy is needed.
The ionization energy is the minimum energy necessary to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase and ground state, the electron removed being the outermost, that is, the furthest from the nucleus. The further away the electron is from the nucleus, the easier it is to remove it, that is, the less energy is needed.
By increasing the atomic number of the elements of the same group, the nuclear attraction on the outermost electron decreases, since the atomic radius increases. Then the ionization energy decreases. In other words, in a group it decreases from top to bottom because the size of the atom increases and it is easier to remove an external electron.
By increasing the atomic number of the elements of the same period, the nuclear attraction on the outermost electron increases, since the atomic radius decreases. Therefore, in a period, as the atomic number increases, the ionization energy increases. In summary, in a period it increases from left to right as the effective nuclear charge increases and it increases thanks to the decrease in the size of the atom.
Taking these considerations into account, the order is:
<u><em>F >Be >Li >Ba</em></u>
