Answer:
11.8.4 Distillation Columns
Distillation columns present a hazard in that they contain large inventories of flammable boiling liquid, usually under pressure. There are a number of situations which may lead to loss of containment of this liquid.
The conditions of operation of the equipment associated with the distillation column, particularly the reboiler and bottoms pump, are severe, so that failure is more probable.
The reduction of hazard in distillation columns by the limitation of inventory has been discussed above. A distillation column has a large input of heat at the reboiler and a large output at the condenser. If cooling at the condenser is lost, the column may suffer overpressure. It is necessary to protect against this by higher pressure design, relief valves, or HIPS. On the other hand, loss of steam at the reboiler can cause underpressure in the column. On columns operating at or near atmospheric pressure, full vacuum design, vacuum breakers, or inert gas injection is needed for protection. Deposition of flammable materials on packing surfaces has led to many fires on opening of distillation column for maintenance.
Another hazard is overpressure due to heat radiation from fire. Again pressure relief devices are required to provide protection.
The protection of distillation columns is one of the topics treated in detail in codes for pressure relief such as APIRP 521. Likewise, it is one of the principal applications of trip systems.
Another quite different hazard in a distillation column is the ingress of water. The rapid expansion of the water as it flashes to steam can create very damaging overpressures.
HCl:
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m=48,2g
M=36,5g/mol
n = m/M = 48,2g / 36,5g/mol = 1,32mol
1mol : 4mol
MnO</span>₂ + 4HCl ⇒ MnCl₂ + Cl₂ + 2H₂O
0,86mol : 1,32mol
limiting reagent
0,33 will react
HCl is limiting reagent.
Your nose is a sensory organ and it’s function is to be able to smell chemicals, it cleans the air you breathe, it regulates the temp of the air you breathe, and it’s the main route for your breathing.
Answer:
Zero
Explanation:
Recall that;
E = q + w
Where;
q = heat, w = work done
When heat is absorbed by the system q is positive
When heat is evolved by the system q is negative
When the system does work, w is negative
When work is done on the system w is positive
Step 1
ΔE1= 60 KJ + 40 KJ = 100KJ
Step 2
ΔE2= (-30 KJ) + (-70 KJ) = (-100) KJ
ΔE1 + ΔE2= 100KJ + (-100) KJ = 0KJ
Answer:
2.5L [NaCl] concentrate needs to be 4.8 Molar solution before dilution to prep 10L of 1.2M KNO₃ solution.
Explanation:
Generally, moles of solute in solution before dilution must equal moles of solute after dilution.
By definition Molarity = moles solute/volume of solution in Liters
=> moles solute = Molarity x Volume (L)
Apply moles before dilution = moles after dilution ...
=> (Molarity X Volume)before dilution = (Molarity X Volume)after dilution
=> (M)(2.5L)before = (1.2M)(10.0L)after
=> Molarity of 2.5L concentrate = (1.2M)(10.0L)/(2.5L) = 4.8 Molar concentrate