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Iteru [2.4K]
3 years ago
14

How does solar radiation affect the atmosphere? PLEASE ANSWERRRRRRRR

Chemistry
2 answers:
andrey2020 [161]3 years ago
7 0
Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation. Radiation causes the atmosphere particles in this layer to become electrically charged particles, enabling radio waves to be refracted and thus be received beyond the horizon.
tankabanditka [31]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

The sun provides energy for almost everything that happens on Earth. Scientists at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics put it clearly: "Solar radiation powers the complex and tightly coupled circulation dynamics, chemistry, and interactions among the atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land that maintain the terrestrial environment as humanity’s habitat." Put another way, just about everything that happens in the atmosphere happens because of solar energy. This can be demonstrated with some specific examples.

Winds

Sunlight hits the Earth most directly at and near the equator. The extra solar energy absorbed there heats up the air, land and water. Heat from the land and water gets sent back up into the air, heating it even more. The hot air rises. Something has to take its place, so cooler air from the north and south rushes in. That creates airflow -- a circuit from the equator up and splitting to the north and south, then cooling and falling back down to the surface and reversing direction to head toward the equator again. Add in effects of the Earth's rotation and you get trade winds -- the constant flow of air across the Earth's surface. Even though the winds are modified by the Earth's rotation, it's important to realize they aren't created by the Earth's rotation. Without solar energy there would be no trade winds or jet streams.

The Ionosphere

Some wavelengths of solar energy are powerful enough to split molecules apart. They do this by giving so much energy to an electron that it shoots right out of the molecule. That's a process called ionization, and the positively charged atoms that are left behind are called ions. In the upper atmosphere, 80 kilometers (50 miles) above the surface, oxygen molecules absorb ultraviolet wavelengths -- solar radiation wavelengths between 120 and 180 nanometers (billionths of a meter). Because sunlight creates ions at that altitude, that layer of the atmosphere is called the ionosphere. Sunlight affects the Earth's atmosphere, but a side-effect is that the atmosphere absorbs this dangerous ultraviolet radiation.

The Ozone Layer

About 25 kilometers (15 miles) above the surface the atmosphere is far denser than in the ionosphere. Here is the highest density of ozone molecules. Regular oxygen molecules are made from two oxygen atoms; ozone is made from three oxygen atoms. The ionosphere absorbs the 120- to 180-nanometer ultraviolet, the ozone beneath absorbs ultraviolet radiation from 180 to 340 nanometers. There's a natural balance because ultraviolet light splits an ozone molecule into a two-atom oxygen molecule and a single oxygen atom; but when a single atom crashes into another oxygen molecule, ultraviolet light helps them join together to make a new oxygen molecule. Again, a happy coincidence is that the photochemistry taking place at the ozone layer absorbs much ultraviolet radiation that would otherwise make it to Earth and create a hazard for living organisms.

Water and Weather

Another critical component of the atmosphere is water vapor. Water vapor carries heat more easily than gases, so the circulation of water vapor is of critical importance for weather. It's also of critical importance for life on Earth, as water from the oceans is heated by sunlight to rise into the atmosphere where winds blow it over the land. When the water cools, it returns to the surface as rain. The movement of storm fronts is largely the result of collisions between air masses with different water content. Every gust of wind, every storm you have ever seen, every tornado and hurricane was therefore driven by solar energy.

Explanation:

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melamori03 [73]

<u>Answer:</u> The mass of nickel (II) oxide and aluminium that must be used is 18.8 g and 4.54 g respectively.

<u>Explanation:</u>

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}      .....(1)

  • <u>For nickel:</u>

Given mass of nickel = 14.8 g

Molar mass of nickel = 58.7 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

\text{Moles of nickel}=\frac{14.8g}{58.7g/mol}=0.252mol

For the given chemical reaction:

3NiO(s)+2Al(s)\rightarrow 3Ni(l)+Al_2O_3(s)

  • <u>For nickel (II) oxide:</u>

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

3 moles of nickel are produced from 3 moles of nickel (II) oxide

So, 0.252 moles of nickel will be produced from \frac{3}{3}\times 0.252=0.252mol of nickel (II) oxide

Now, calculating the mass of nickel (II) oxide by using equation 1:

Molar mass of nickel (II) oxide = 74.7 g/mol

Moles of nickel (II) oxide = 0.252 moles

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

0.252mol=\frac{\text{Mass of nickel (II) oxide}}{74.7g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of nickel (II) oxide}=(0.252mol\times 74.7g/mol)=18.8g

  • <u>For aluminium:</u>

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

3 moles of nickel are produced from 2 moles of aluminium

So, 0.252 moles of nickel will be produced from \frac{2}{3}\times 0.252=0.168mol of aluminium

Now, calculating the mass of aluminium by using equation 1:

Molar mass of aluminium = 27 g/mol

Moles of aluminium = 0.168 moles

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

0.168mol=\frac{\text{Mass of aluminium}}{27g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of aluminium}=(0.168mol\times 27g/mol)=4.54g

Hence, the mass of nickel (II) oxide and aluminium that must be used is 18.8 g and 4.54 g respectively.

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3 years ago
Which term describes the information that a scientist gathers during an investigation? Data, hypothesis, observation, variable a
rosijanka [135]

Answer:hypothesis

Explanation:

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Consider the following reaction:
adell [148]

Answer:

1. d[H₂O₂]/dt = -6.6 × 10⁻³ mol·L⁻¹s⁻¹; d[H₂O]/dt = 6.6 × 10⁻³ mol·L⁻¹s⁻¹

2. 0.58 mol

Explanation:

1.Given ΔO₂/Δt…

    2H₂O₂     ⟶      2H₂O     +     O₂

-½d[H₂O₂]/dt = +½d[H₂O]/dt = d[O₂]/dt  

d[H₂O₂]/dt = -2d[O₂]/dt = -2 × 3.3 × 10⁻³ mol·L⁻¹s⁻¹ = -6.6 × 10⁻³mol·L⁻¹s⁻¹

 d[H₂O]/dt =  2d[O₂]/dt =  2 × 3.3 × 10⁻³ mol·L⁻¹s⁻¹ =  6.6 × 10⁻³mol·L⁻¹s⁻¹

2. Moles of O₂  

(a) Initial moles of H₂O₂

\text{Moles} = \text{1.5 L} \times \dfrac{\text{1.0 mol}}{\text{1 L}} = \text{1.5 mol }

(b) Final moles of H₂O₂

The concentration of H₂O₂ has dropped to 0.22 mol·L⁻¹.

\text{Moles} = \text{1.5 L} \times \dfrac{\text{0.22 mol}}{\text{1 L}} = \text{0.33 mol }

(c) Moles of H₂O₂ reacted

Moles reacted = 1.5 mol - 0.33 mol = 1.17 mol

(d) Moles of O₂ formed

\text{Moles of O}_{2} = \text{1.33 mol H$_{2}$O}_{2} \times \dfrac{\text{1 mol O}_{2}}{\text{2 mol H$_{2}$O}_{2}} = \textbf{0.58 mol O}_{2}\\\\\text{The amount of oxygen formed is $\large \boxed{\textbf{0.58 mol}}$}

8 0
3 years ago
Two descriptions about physical quantities are given below:
gladu [14]

Answer:

Quantity A is weight and Quantity B is mass

Explanation: weight has same unit as force. Mass is the quantity of matter present in a body or object

8 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Please Help! It says fill in the blanks to complete the Punnett square below to show the results of a cross between a homozygous
makkiz [27]

Answer:

Genotypes: Homozygous (GG)=50%, Heterozygous (Gg)=50%.

Phenotypes: Homozygous gray (GG)=50%, Heterozygous gray (Gg)=50% or just Gray=100%

Explanation:

Hello,

The Punnett square for this cross turns into:

\left[\begin{array}{ccc}&G&g\\G&GG&Gg\\G&GG&Gg\end{array}\right]

It means that the genotypes and phenotypes are:

Genotypes: Homozygous (GG)=50%, Heterozygous (Gg)=50%.

Phenotypes: Homozygous gray (GG)=50%, Heterozygous gray (Gg)=50% or just Gray=100%

Best regards.

4 0
3 years ago
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