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kompoz [17]
4 years ago
8

Consider the simple linear regression model Yi=β0+β1xi+ϵi, where ϵi's are independent N(0,σ2) random variables. Therefore, Yi is

a normal random variable with mean β0+β1xi and variance σ2. Moreover, Yi's are independent. As usual, we have the observed data pairs (x1,y1), (x2,y2), ⋯⋯, (xn,yn) from which we would like to estimate β0 and β1. In this chapter, we found the following estimators β1^=sxysxx,β0^=Y¯¯¯¯−β1^x¯¯¯. where sxx=∑i=1n(xi−x¯¯¯)2,sxy=∑i=1n(xi−x¯¯¯)(Yi−Y¯¯¯¯). Show that β1^ is a normal random variable. Show that β1^ is an unbiased estimator of β1, i.e., E[β1^]=β1. Show that Var(β1^)=σ2sxx.
Mathematics
1 answer:
Virty [35]4 years ago
8 0

Answer:

See proof below.

Step-by-step explanation:

If we assume the following linear model:

y = \beta_o + \beta_1 X +\epsilon

And if we have n sets of paired observations (x_i, y_i) , i =1,2,...,n the model can be written like this:

y_i = \beta_o +\beta_1 x_i + \epsilon_i , i =1,2,...,n

And using the least squares procedure gives to us the following least squares estimates b_o for \beta_o and b_1 for \beta_1  :

b_o = \bar y - b_1 \bar x

b_1 = \frac{s_{xy}}{s_xx}

Where:

s_{xy} =\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i -\bar x) (y-\bar y)

s_{xx} =\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i -\bar x)^2

Then \beta_1 is a random variable and the estimated value is b_1. We can express this estimator like this:

b_1 = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i y_i

Where a_i =\frac{(x_i -\bar x)}{s_{xx}} and if we see careful we notice that \sum_{i=1}^n a_i =0 and \sum_{i=1}^n a_i x_i =1

So then when we find the expected value we got:

E(b_1) = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i E(y_i)

E(b_1) = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i (\beta_o +\beta_1 x_i)

E(b_1) = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i \beta_o + \beta_1 a_i x_i

E(b_1) = \beta_1 \sum_{i=1}^n a_i x_i = \beta_1

And as we can see b_1 is an unbiased estimator for \beta_1

In order to find the variance for the estimator b_1 we have this:

Var(b_1) = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i^2 Var(y_i) +\sum_i \sum_{j \neq i} a_i a_j Cov (y_i, y_j)

And we can assume that Cov(y_i,y_j) =0 since the observations are assumed independent, then we have this:

Var (b_1) =\sigma^2 \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i -\bar x)^2}{s^2_{xx}}

And if we simplify we got:

Var(b_1) = \frac{\sigma^2 s_{xx}}{s^2_{xx}} = \frac{\sigma^2}{s_{xx}}

And with this we complete the proof required.

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7nadin3 [17]

<u>Answer</u>

√7 × √5

√3 × √2


<u>Explanation</u>

√9*√16   = 3 × 4

              = 12

             = 12/1      ⇒ It is a rational answer.

√7*√5  = √(7×5)

            = √35

           = 5.916079783.... ⇒ Irrational

√3*√2  = √(3×2)

           = √6

            = 2.449489743...  ⇒  Irrational

4√2*√2 = 4 × √(2×2)

              = 4 × √4

              = 4 × 2

              = 8

              = 8/1   ⇒  It is rational

The expressions that would give irrational answers are: √7*√5  and√3*√2

5 0
3 years ago
Lance and Alex have 70 pencils. Lance has 4 times as many pencils as Alex. Alex's pencils are shared equally among 2 children. H
gogolik [260]


let l = lance, and a = alex.

so: l + a = 70

and l = 4a

Putting the value for l in the first equation:

4a +a = 70

5a = 70

a = 14.

So Alex has 14 pencils. And Lance has (70-14) 56 pencils.

And if each child gets half of Alex' pencils, then each child will have 7 pencils.

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3 years ago
A university has 28,980 students. In a random sample of 180 students, 12 speak three or more languages. Predict the number of st
anygoal [31]
Word | know | Unknown
Language| 12 | x
Total | 180 | 28980
Use cross multiply:
12(28980) = 180(x)
347760 = 180x
347760/180=1932
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timofeeve [1]

Answer:

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Step-by-step explanation:

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3 years ago
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Lady_Fox [76]

9514 1404 393

Answer:

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Step-by-step explanation:

The fractional part of the given number is 0.4829, which is less than 0.5. That means the nearest integer is the integer below the given number:

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3 years ago
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