Complete Question
The complete question is shown on the uploaded image
Answer:
The tension on the shank is 
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The strain on the strain on the head is 
The contact area is
Looking at the first diagram
At 600 MPa of stress
The strain is 
At 450 MPa of stress
The strain is 
To find the stress at
we use the interpolation method

Substituting values



Generally the force on each head is mathematically represented as

Substituting values


Now the tension on the bolt shank is as a result of the force on the 6 head which is mathematically evaluated as



Before positive psychology, the main focus was mostly pathology, that is, studying various psychological issues and sometimes finding ways to treat them, or sometimes not and just studying them for the sake of studying them and noting their occurrence.
Answer: sound waves or cosmic rays
Explanation:
Cosmic radiation consist of high energy particles,x-rays and gamma rays produce in space