Vanillin is the common name for 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde.
See attached figure for the structure.
Vanillin have 3 functional groups:
1) aldehyde group: R-HC=O, in which the carbon is double bonded to oxygen
2) phenolic hydroxide group: R-OH, were the hydroxyl group is bounded to a carbon from the benzene ring
3) ether group: R-O-R, were hydrogen is bounded through sigma bonds to carbons
Now for the hybridization we have:
The carbon atoms involved in the benzene ring and the red carbon atom (from the aldehyde group) have a <u>sp²</u> hybridization because they are involved in double bonds.
The carbon atom from the methoxy group (R-O-CH₃) and the blue oxygen's have a <u>sp³</u> hybridization because they are involved only in single bonds.
Atomic mass number is the number of protons and neutrons. Subtract 80-35=45 is the number of protons. Because the atom is neutrally charged, the number of protons must equal the number of electrons, so there are 45 electrons.
Answer:
Atoms making liquids have less attraction than solids, but more than gases
Explanation:
The attraction between atoms in different molecules in a solid is very strong due to strong intermolecular forces present in a solid. However, such intermolecular forces are weaker in liquids than in solids.
This implies that the solid has higher intermolecular forces of attraction compared to gases and liquids. Based on the negligible degree of intermolecular forces between them, a gas has the weakest intermolecular forces hence the atom has very minimal interaction between them.
Answer: The correct option is 2.
Explanation: There are two types of nuclear reactions:
1) Nuclear fission: These reactions are defined as the reactions in which a heavier unstable nuclei breaks into two or more smaller stable nuclei.
2) Nuclear fusion: These reactions are the ones where two smaller nuclei fuse together or combine together to form a larger nuclei.
In the question, we need to find the fusion reaction which forms elements heavier than helium.
Option 1: In this fusion reaction occurs but the nuclei is Helium itself.
Option 2: In this also fusion reaction occurs and the nuclei is heavier than Helium which is Neon.

Option 3 and Option 4: These two reactions are nuclear fission reactions of Uranium-235 because one heavier element is breaking into more than 2 products.
Hence, the correct option is 2.
The reaction between Na2S and CuSO4 will give us the balanced chemical reaction of,
Na2S + CUSO4 --> Na2SO4 + CuS
This means that for every 78g of Na2S, there needs to be 159.6 g of CuSO4. The ratio is equal to 0.4887 of Na2S: 1 of CuSO4. Thus, for every 12.1g of CuSO4, we need only 5.91 g of Na2S. Thus, there is an excess of 9.58 g of Na2S. The answer is letter C.