Answer:
There are typically three ways that it is accomplished: use of erythropoietin (EPO) or synthetic oxygen carriers and blood transfusions. While transfusions of large volumes of blood or use of EPO can be detected, microdosing EPO or transfusing smaller volumes of packed red blood cells is much harder to detect.
Answer:
OH−(aq), and H+(aq)
Explanation:
Redox reactions may occur in acidic or basic environments. Usually, if a reaction occurs in an acidic environment, hydrogen ions are shown as being part of the reaction system. For instance, in the reduction of the permanganate ion;
MnO4^-(aq) + 8H^+(aq) +5e-------> Mn^2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
The appearance of hydrogen ion in the reaction equation implies that the process takes place under acidic reaction conditions.
For reactions that take place under basic conditions, the hydroxide ion is part of the reaction equation.
Hence hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion are included in redox reaction half equations depending on the conditions of the reaction whether acidic or basic.
Answer:
The human body contains trillions of microorganisms — outnumbering human cells by 10 to 1. Because of their small size, however, microorganisms make up only about 1 to 3 percent of the body's mass (in a 200-pound adult, that's 2 to 6 pounds of bacteria), but play a vital role in human health.
