Answer:
One of the differences is that civil engineering focuses on design elements while structural engineering is more concern on inspecting the materials used for construction. The structural engineers are the one who are supposed to ensure that the materials used for construction can support the design of the structure.
Explanation:
Answer:
6.5 × 10¹⁵/ cm³
Explanation:
Thinking process:
The relation 
With the expression Ef - Ei = 0.36 × 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹
and ni = 1.5 × 10¹⁰
Temperature, T = 300 K
K = 1.38 × 10⁻²³
This generates N₀ = 1.654 × 10¹⁶ per cube
Now, there are 10¹⁶ per cubic centimeter
Hence, 
Answer:
1. 
2. 
Explanation:
1.
Given:
- height of the window pane,

- width of the window pane,

- thickness of the pane,

- thermal conductivity of the glass pane,

- temperature of the inner surface,

- temperature of the outer surface,

<u>According to the Fourier's law the rate of heat transfer is given as:</u>

here:
A = area through which the heat transfer occurs = 
dT = temperature difference across the thickness of the surface = 
dx = t = thickness normal to the surface = 


2.
- air spacing between two glass panes,

- area of each glass pane,

- thermal conductivity of air,

- temperature difference between the surfaces,

<u>Assuming layered transfer of heat through the air and the air between the glasses is always still:</u>



Answer:
The invention of the pendulum-driven ___<u>clocks</u>___ in the 1600s paved the way for a new industrial era.