An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.
Explanation:
First we will convert the given mass from lb to kg as follows.
157 lb = 
= 71.215 kg
Now, mass of caffeine required for a person of that mass at the LD50 is as follows.

= 12818.7 mg
Convert the % of (w/w) into % (w/v) as follows.
0.65% (w/w) = 
= 
= 
Therefore, calculate the volume which contains the amount of caffeine as follows.
12818.7 mg = 12.8187 g = 
= 1972 ml
Thus, we can conclude that 1972 ml of the drink would be required to reach an LD50 of 180 mg/kg body mass if the person weighed 157 lb.
The force exerted by a magnetic field on a wire carrying current is:

where I is the current, L the length of the wire, B the magnetic field intensity, and

the angle between the wire and the direction of B.
In our problem, the force is F=0.20 N. The current is I=1.40 A, while the length of the wire is L=35.0 cm=0.35 m. The angle between the wire and the magnetic field is

, so we can re-arrange the formula and substitute the numbers to find B:
Answer:10.4 times of initial velocity
Explanation:
Given
Diameter reduced by 69 %
it approaches with velocity 
suppose its velocity is v during blocked passage
suppose d is the initial diameter and
diameter is



As flow is constant


