If a car sits out in the sun every day for a long time can light from the sun damage the car paint

). A 50 mm diameter cylinder is subjected to an axial compressive load of 80 kN. The cylinder is partially

Delicious77 [7]

Answer:

$\frac{e'_z}{e_z} = 0.87142$

Explanation:

Given:-

- The diameter of the cylinder, d = 50 mm.

- The compressive load, F = 80 KN.

Solution:-

- We will form a 3-dimensional coordinate system. The z-direction is along the axial load, and x-y plane is categorized by lateral direction.

- Next we will write down principal strains ( εx, εy, εz ) in all three directions in terms of corresponding stresses ( σx, σy, σz ). The stress-strain relationships will be used for anisotropic material with poisson ratio ( ν ).

εx = - [ σx - ν( σy + σz ) ] / E

εy = - [ σy - ν( σx + σz ) ] / E

εz = - [ σz - ν( σy + σx ) ] / E

- First we will investigate the "no-restraint" case. That is cylinder to expand in lateral direction as usual and contract in compressive load direction. The stresses in the x-y plane are zero because there is " no-restraint" and the lateral expansion occurs only due to compressive load in axial direction. So σy= σx = 0, the 3-D stress - strain relationships can be simplified to:

εx = [ ν*σz ] / E

εy = [ ν*σz ] / E

εz = - [ σz ] / E .... Eq 1

- The "restraint" case is a bit tricky in the sense, that first: There is a restriction in the lateral expansion. Second: The restriction is partial in nature, such, that lateral expansion is not completely restrained but reduced to half.

- We will use the strains ( simplified expressions ) evaluated in " no-restraint case " and half them. So the new lateral strains ( εx', εy' ) would be:

εx' = - [ σx' - ν( σy' + σz ) ] / E = 0.5*εx

εx' = - [ σx' - ν( σy' + σz ) ] / E = [ ν*σz ] / 2E

εy' = - [ σy' - ν( σx' + σz ) ] / E = 0.5*εy

εx' = - [ σy' - ν( σx' + σz ) ] / E = [ ν*σz ] / 2E

- Now, we need to visualize the "enclosure". We see that the entire x-y plane and family of planes parallel to ( z = 0 - plane ) are enclosed by the well-fitted casing. However, the axial direction is free! So, in other words the reduction in lateral expansion has to be compensated by the axial direction. And that compensatory effect is governed by induced compressive stresses ( σx', σy' ) by the fitting on the cylinderical surface.

- We will use the relationhsips developed above and determine the induced compressive stresses ( σx', σy' ).

Note: σx' = σy', The cylinder is radially enclosed around the entire surface.

Therefore,

- [ σx' - ν( σx'+ σz ) ] = [ ν*σz ] / 2

σx' ( 1 - v ) = [ ν*σz ] / 2

σx' = σy' = [ ν*σz ] / [ 2*( 1 - v ) ]

- Now use the induced stresses in ( x-y ) plane and determine the new axial strain ( εz' ):

εz' = - [ σz - ν( σy' + σx' ) ] / E

εz' = - { σz - [ ν^2*σz ] / [ 1 - v ] } / E

εz' = - σz*{ 1 - [ ν^2 ] / [ 1 - v ] } / E ... Eq2

- Now take the ratio of the axial strains determined in the second case ( Eq2 ) to the first case ( Eq1 ) as follows:

$\frac{e'_z}{e_z} = \frac{- \frac{s_z}{E} * [ 1 - \frac{v^2}{1 - v} ] }{-\frac{s_z}{E}} \\\\\frac{e'_z}{e_z} = [ 1 - \frac{v^2}{1 - v} ] = [ 1 - \frac{0.3^2}{1 - 0.3} ] \\\\\frac{e'_z}{e_z} = 0.87142$ ... Answer

5 0

3 years ago

A rigid 10-L vessel initially contains a mixture of liquid and vapor water at 100 °C, with a quality factor of 0.123. The mixtur

masya89 [10]

Answer:

$Q_{in} = 46.454\,kJ$

Explanation:

The vessel is modelled after the First Law of Thermodynamics. Let suppose the inexistence of mass interaction at boundary between vessel and surroundings, changes in potential and kinectic energy are negligible and vessel is a rigid recipient.

$Q_{in} = U_{2} - U_{1}$

Properties of water at initial and final state are:

State 1 - (Liquid-Vapor Mixture)

$P = 101.42\,kPa$

$T = 100\,^{\textdegree}C$

$\nu = 0.2066\,\frac{m^{3}}{kg}$

$u = 675.761\,\frac{kJ}{kg}$

$x = 0.123$

State 2 - (Liquid-Vapor Mixture)

$P = 476.16\,kPa$

$T = 150\,^{\textdegree}C$

$\nu = 0.2066\,\frac{m^{3}}{kg}$

$u = 1643.545\,\frac{kJ}{kg}$

$x = 0.525$

The mass stored in the vessel is:

$m = \frac{V}{\nu}$

$m = \frac{10\times 10^{-3}\,m^{3}}{0.2066\,\frac{m^{3}}{kg} }$

$m = 0.048\,kg$

The heat transfer require to the process is:

$Q_{in} = m\cdot (u_{2}-u_{1})$

$Q_{in} = (0.048\,kg)\cdot (1643.545\,\frac{kJ}{kg} - 675.761\,\frac{kJ}{kg} )$

$Q_{in} = 46.454\,kJ$

3 0

2 years ago

An air compressor of mass 120 kg is mounted on an elastic foundation. It has been observed that, when a harmonic force of amplit

kupik [55]

Answer:

equivalent stiffness is 136906.78 N/m

damping constant is 718.96 N.s/m

Explanation:

given data

mass = 120 kg

amplitude = 120 N

frequency = 320 r/min

displacement = 5 mm

to find out

equivalent stiffness and damping

solution

we will apply here frequency formula that is

frequency ω = ω(n) √(1-∈ ²) ......................1

here ω(n) is natural frequency i.e = √(k/m)

so from equation 1

320×2π/60 = √(k/120) × √(1-2∈²)

k × ( 1 - 2∈²) = 33.51² ×120

k × ( 1 - 2∈²) = 134752.99 .....................2

and here amplitude ( max ) of displacement is express as

displacement = force / k × ( $\frac{1}{2\varepsilon \sqrt{1-\varepsilon ^2}}$ )

put here value

0.005 = 120/k × ( $\frac{1}{2\varepsilon \sqrt{1-\varepsilon ^2}}$ )

k ×∈ × √(1-2∈²) = 1200 ......................3

so by equation 3 and 2

$\frac{k\varepsilon \sqrt{1-\varepsilon^2})}{k(1-2\varepsilon^2)} = \frac{12000}{134752.99}$

$\varepsilon^{2} - \varepsilon^{4} = 7.929 * 10^{-3} - 0.01585 * \varepsilon^{2}$

solve it and we get

∈ = 1.00396

and

∈ = 0.08869

here small value we will consider so

by equation 2 we get

k × ( 1 - 2(0.08869)²) = 134752.99

k = 136906.78 N/m

so equivalent stiffness is 136906.78 N/m

and

damping is express as

damping = 2∈ √(mk)

put here all value

damping = 2(0.08869) √(120×136906.78)

so damping constant is 718.96 N.s/m

7 0

3 years ago

A Class A fire extingisher is for use on general combustibles such as:

Tatiana [17]

Answer:

used for ordinary combustibles, such as wood, paper, some plastics, and textiles. This class of fire requires the heat-absorbing effects of water or the coating effects of certain dry chemicals.

Explanation:

7 0

3 years ago

How to make text take shape of object in affinity designer

Alina [70]

Answer:

To fit text to a shape in Affinity Designer, make sure you have your text selected. Then, grab the Frame Text Tool and click on the shape. A blinking cursor will appear within the shape, indicating that you can begin typing. The text you type will be confined to the boundaries of the shape.

Explanation:

6 0

3 years ago