Convection is the movement<span> of groups of molecules within </span>fluids<span> such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid).</span>
The correct option is D.
The model developed by Ptolemy has a lot of inconsistency and during the middle age additional explanation was offered for the claims made by the model. The model was very complicated because it was based on erroneous assumptions.
Copernicus model was simpler and some of his claims were correct.<span />
For part a)
Since the conical surface is not exposed to the radiation coming from the walls only from the circular plate and assuming steady state, the temperature of the conical surface is also equal to the temperature of the circular plate. T2 = 600 K
For part b)
To maintain the temperature of the circular plate, the power required would be calculated using:
Q = Aσ(T₁⁴ - Tw⁴)
Q = π(500x10^-3)²/4 (5.67x10^-8)(600⁴ - 300⁴)
Q = 5410.65 W
The way these supersaturated solutions are made is: A. The water would need to be heated to a higher temperature, which would give molecules and ions more kinetic energy, increasing solubility.
Solubility is simply a measure of how readily a substance is able to dissolve in a solvent to form a solution. Thus, a substance is soluble when it dissolves completely in a solvent and it is considered to be insoluble when it does not dissolve in a solvent or if it only dissolves partially.
A supersaturated solution can be defined as a solution that contains more solute than the equilibrium amount.
Generally, supersaturated solutions of solids in water are typically used for the creation of crystals because they are able to hold more of the solute than they would at room temperature.
In order to create these supersaturated solutions, the water should be heated to a higher temperature, so that the water molecules and ions can gain more kinetic energy and thereby increasing solubility.
In conclusion, heating the water to a higher temperature causes the water molecules and ions to gain more kinetic energy and thereby increasing solubility..
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