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4 years ago

12

A coal-burning power plant generates electrical power at a rate of 650 megawatts (MW), or 6.50 × 108 J/s. The plant has an overa

ll efficiency of 38% for the conversion of heat to electricity. Given this efficiency, how much heat energy in joules is produced in one year of operation??

1 answer:

Vinvika [58]4 years ago

7 0

Answer:

Energy produce in one year =20.49 x 10¹⁶ J/year

Explanation:

Given that

Plant produce 6.50 × 10⁸ J/s of energy.

It produce 6.50 × 10⁸ J in 1 s.

We know that

1 year = 365 days

1 days = 24 hr

1 hr = 3600 s

1 year = 365 x 24 x 3600 s

1 year = 31536000 s

So energy produce in 1 year = 31536000 x 6.50 × 10⁸ J/year

Energy produce in one year = 204984 x 10¹² J/year

Energy produce in one year =20.49 x 10¹⁶ J/year

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Answer:

The minimum allowable bolt diameter required to support an applied load of P = 450 kN is 45.7 milimeters.

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The complete statement of this question is "Five bolts are used in the connection between the axial member and the support. The ultimate shear strength of the bolts is 320 MPa, and a factor of safety of 4.2 is required with respect to fracture. Determine the minimum allowable bolt diameter required to support an applied load of P = 450 kN"

Each bolt is subjected to shear forces. In this case, safety factor is the ratio of the ultimate shear strength to maximum allowable shear stress. That is to say:

$n = \frac{S_{uts}}{\tau_{max}}$

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$n$ - Safety factor, dimensionless.

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$\tau_{max}$ - Maximum allowable shear stress, measured in pascals.

The maximum allowable shear stress is consequently cleared and computed: ( $n = 4.2$ , $S_{uts} = 320\times 10^{6}\,Pa$ )

$\tau_{max} = \frac{S_{uts}}{n}$

$\tau_{max} = \frac{320\times 10^{6}\,Pa}{4.2}$

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Since each bolt has a circular cross section area and assuming the shear stress is not distributed uniformly, shear stress is calculated by:

$\tau_{max} = \frac{4}{3} \cdot \frac{V}{A}$

Where:

$\tau_{max}$ - Maximum allowable shear stress, measured in pascals.

$V$ - Shear force, measured in kilonewtons.

$A$ - Cross section area, measured in square meters.

As connection consist on five bolts, shear force is equal to a fifth of the applied load. That is:

$V = \frac{P}{5}$

$V = \frac{450\,kN}{5}$

$V = 90\,kN$

The minimum allowable cross section area is cleared in the shearing stress equation:

$A = \frac{4}{3}\cdot \frac{V}{\tau_{max}}$

If $V = 90\,kN$ and $\tau_{max} = 76.190\times 10^{3}\,kPa$ , the minimum allowable cross section area is:

$A = \frac{4}{3} \cdot \frac{90\,kN}{76.190\times 10^{3}\,kPa}$

$A = 1.640\times 10^{-3}\,m^{2}$

The minimum allowable cross section area can be determined in terms of minimum allowable bolt diameter by means of this expression:

$A = \frac{\pi}{4}\cdot D^{2}$

The diameter is now cleared and computed:

$D = \sqrt{\frac{4}{\pi}\cdot A}$

$D =\sqrt{\frac{4}{\pi}\cdot (1.640\times 10^{-3}\,m^{2})$

$D = 0.0457\,m$

$D = 45.7\,mm$

The minimum allowable bolt diameter required to support an applied load of P = 450 kN is 45.7 milimeters.

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