The answer to the question is environmental factors
Answer:
11.8.4 Distillation Columns
Distillation columns present a hazard in that they contain large inventories of flammable boiling liquid, usually under pressure. There are a number of situations which may lead to loss of containment of this liquid.
The conditions of operation of the equipment associated with the distillation column, particularly the reboiler and bottoms pump, are severe, so that failure is more probable.
The reduction of hazard in distillation columns by the limitation of inventory has been discussed above. A distillation column has a large input of heat at the reboiler and a large output at the condenser. If cooling at the condenser is lost, the column may suffer overpressure. It is necessary to protect against this by higher pressure design, relief valves, or HIPS. On the other hand, loss of steam at the reboiler can cause underpressure in the column. On columns operating at or near atmospheric pressure, full vacuum design, vacuum breakers, or inert gas injection is needed for protection. Deposition of flammable materials on packing surfaces has led to many fires on opening of distillation column for maintenance.
Another hazard is overpressure due to heat radiation from fire. Again pressure relief devices are required to provide protection.
The protection of distillation columns is one of the topics treated in detail in codes for pressure relief such as APIRP 521. Likewise, it is one of the principal applications of trip systems.
Another quite different hazard in a distillation column is the ingress of water. The rapid expansion of the water as it flashes to steam can create very damaging overpressures.
Answer:
The arrangement of the periodic table leads us to visualize certain trends among the atoms.
Elements are arranged from left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number.
The vertical columns (groups) of the periodic table are arranged so that all its elements have the same number of valence electrons (outer ring). All elements within a certain group share similar properties.
The rows are called periods. All elements in a row have the same number of electron shells.
The tiny holes in a sponges outer layer that take in water are called ostia, I believe. Hope it helps
Answer:
molar mass of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) is
(12.01 × 1 ) + ( 4 × 19.00)
= 12.01 + 76
= 88.01u
= 88u
Hope this helps
