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IgorLugansk [536]
3 years ago
10

The bond formed when electrons are shared is called a(n) _____.

Chemistry
2 answers:
Mnenie [13.5K]3 years ago
5 0
Covalent bond. This is because in covalent bond there are both non-metals which woykd result in the sharing of electrons in order to have a full outer shell
zhuklara [117]3 years ago
4 0

Answer : Option D) Covalent bond.

Explanation : The bond formed when electrons are shared is called a covalent bond.

A covalent bond which is also called as molecular bond, is a chemical bond which involves mainly the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are called as shared pairs or bonding pairs, which are stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when these bonding pairs share electrons, it is called as covalent bonding.

Covalent bonding is usually seen in non-metals which share their electrons while bonding.

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Consider the pka (3.75) of formic acid, h-cooh as a reference. with appropriate examples, show how inductive, dipole, and resona
Luden [163]
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid with a structure of HCOOH and has a pka of 3.75. The pka refers to the acidity of the molecule, which in this example refers to the molecules ability to give up the proton of the O-H. A decrease in the pka value corresponds to an increase in acidity, or an increase in the ability to give up a proton. When an acid gives up a proton, the remaining anionic species (in this case HCOO-) is called the conjugate base, and an increase in the stability of the conjugate base corresponds to an increase in acidity.

The pka of a carboxylic can be affected greatly by the presence of various functional groups within its structure. An example of an inductive effect changing the pka can be shown with trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH. This molecule has a pka of 0.7. The decrease in pka relative to formic acid is due to the presence of the Cl3C- group, and more specifically the presence of the chlorine atoms. The electronegative chlorine atoms are able to withdraw the electron density away from the oxygen atoms and towards themselves, thus helping to stabilize the negative charge and stabilize the conjugate base. This results in an increase in acidity and decrease in pka.

The same Cl3CCOOH example can be used to explain how dipoles can effect the acidity of carboxylic acids. Compared to standard acetic acid, H3CCOOH with a pka of 4.76, trichloroacetic acid is much more acidic. The difference between these structures is the presence of C-Cl bonds in place of C-H bonds. A C-Cl bond is much more polar than a C-H bond, due the large electronegativity of the chlorine atom. This results in a carbon with a partial positive charge and a chlorine with a partial negative charge. In the conjugate base of the acid, where the molecule has a negative charge localized on the oxygen atoms, the dipole moment of the C-Cl bond is oriented such that the partial positive charge is on the carbon that is adjacent to the oxygen atoms containing the negative charge. Therefore, the electrostatic attraction between the positive end of the C-Cl dipole and the negative charge of the anionic oxygen helps to stabilize the entire species. This level of stabilization is not present in acetic acid where there are C-H bonds instead of C-Cl bonds since the C-H bonds do not have a large dipole moment.

To understand how resonance can affect the pka of a species, we can simply compare the pka of a simple alcohol such as methanol, CH3OH, and formic acid, HCOOH. The pka of methanol is 16, suggesting that is is a very weak acid. Once methanol gives up that proton to become the conjugate base CH3O-, the charge cannot be stabilized in any way and is simply localized on the oxygen atom. However, with a carboxylic acid, the conjugate base, HCOO-, can stabilize the negative charge. The lone pair electrons containing the charge on the oxygen atom are able to migrate to the other oxygen atom of the carboxylic acid. The negative charge can now be shared between the two electronegative oxygen atoms, thus stabilizing the charge and decreasing the pka.
3 0
4 years ago
In order for rock formations to move the plates__________ .
ANEK [815]
Igneous rocks are found where plates diverge, as lava rises and fills the gap between the plates. Igneous rocks also form where plates converge. The subducting plate melts as it sinks into the crust of the Earth, and the melt rises into the overriding plate forming volcanoes.
4 0
3 years ago
A substance that makes things taist sweeter
elena-s [515]
Sugar. (We need a design tech section)
5 0
3 years ago
PLSS CAN ANYONE HELP ME..​
rodikova [14]

Answer:

there is two mixture homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture

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7 0
2 years ago
15.0 mL of an unknown clear liquid is added to a 50 mL graduated cylinder. The mass of the liquid is determined to be 12.7 grams
sveticcg [70]

Answer:

\boxed {\tt A. \ d=0.85 \ g/mL}

Explanation:

Density is found by dividing the mass by the volume.

d=\frac{m}{v}

The mass of the liquid is 12.7 grams.

We know that 15 mL of this liquid was added to a 50 mL graduated cylinder. Therefore, the volume is 15 mL. The 50 mL is not relevant, it only tells us about the graduated cylinder.

m= 12.7 \ g\\v= 15 \ mL

Substitute the values into the formula.

d=\frac{12.7 \ g}{ 15 mL}

Divide.

d=0.846666667 \ g/mL

Round to the nearest hundredth. The 6 in the tenth place tells us to round the 4 to a 5.

d \approx 0.85 \ g/mL

The density of the liquid is about 0.85 grams per milliliter and choice A is correct.

4 0
3 years ago
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