the overall  equation  for the conversation of pyruvate  to  acetyl COA  is as below
CH3COO-COO-  + NAD+  + HS-COA = ch3-COO-S -COA +NADH +CO2
The oxidation of pyruvate led to a conversation  of NAD+  to NADH and  produces acetyl COA  and CO2
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
See explanation and images attached
Explanation:
a) In the mechanism for the acid catalysed esterification of propanoic acid using ethanol, we can see that the first step is the protonation of the acid followed by nucleophillic attack of the alcohol. Loss of water and consequent deprotonation regenerates the acid catalyst. We can see the fate of the 18O labelled ethanol in the mechanism shown.
b)  In the second mechanism, an unnamed ester is hydrolysed using an acid catalyst. The attack of the acid and subsequent nucleophillic attack of water labelled with 18O leads to the incorporation of this 18O into the product acid as shown in the mechanism attached to this answer.
 
        
             
        
        
        
(4) Zirconium 
This element is often used in the chemical production field, and as implants due to its high chemical resistance and stability.