Answer:
The DNA is cut using special chemicals called restriction enzymes,.
DNA ligase are used to insert genes and other pieces of DNA into plasmids.
Answer: The total energy, in kilojoules, that is needed to turn a 46 g block of ice at -25 degrees C into water vapor at 100 degrees C is 11.787 kJ.
Explanation:
Given: Mass = 46 g
Initial temperature = 
Final temperature = 
Specific heat capacity of ice = 2.05 
Formula used to calculate the energy is as follows.

where,
q = heat energy
m = mass
C = specific heat capacity
= initial temperature
= final temperature
Substitute the values into above formula as follows.

Thus, we can conclude that the total energy, in kilojoules, that is needed to turn a 46 g block of ice at -25 degrees C into water vapor at 100 degrees C is 11.787 kJ.
Entropy is a measure of chaos or disorder in a system. For the first one, the system with the highest entropy is a cup of water at 0 degress centigrade. For the second question, the system with the lowest entropy is sugar crystals in 95 degrees centigrade cup of coffee.
Answer: energy is transferred, but it can go to the products or the reactants.
Explanation: in a chemical reaction, the atoms and molecules that interact with each other are called reactants.