This primarily has to do with the balance of energy between the orbitals. The aufbau principle states that the order of energy regarding electrons in the orbitals from lowest to highest is so the electron in the atom will minimalize it's energy. Periods on the periodic table are based on the energy level while the groups have the same amount of valence electrons. The outer orbitals are refered to as shells. The elements are particularly arranged depending on their atomic and molecular orbitals. Valence electrons most determine the chemical properties of an element. The atomic number is based on the number of protons.
The Coriolis effect is the effect that makes tornados, water spouts, and are often seen in storms. They make water curve and rotate as well as the wind And current.
the newspaper one is a chemical change because the chemicals in the paper have reacted with something and turned a different color. the wax one is a physical change because it is a change in the phase of matter, which is always a physical change (still the same substance chemically)
