It depends if you are talking about the ones that go up or down
or left and right
the ones that go up and down are called groups
the onesthat go left and right are periods
Answer:
(a) Two electrochemical half reactions for ethanol
is written below
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(b) The direct oxidation of the fuel will occur in a solid oxide fuel cell but we have to compete with other sets of chemical electrochemical reaction such as water-gas-shift reaction
⇆ 
(c) The electrochemical half reaction that could convert ethanol directly into a fuel cell that conducts hydrogen ions is shown below
⇒ 

⇒ 
(d) The half reactions that would be required are shown below
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