A reaction is most likely to occur when the colliding particles have proper orientation and

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A reaction is most likely to occur when the colliding particles have proper orientation and energy.
Reactions occur when two reactant molecules effectively collide, each having minimum energy and correct orientation. According to the collision theory of reactivity, reactions occur when reactant molecules "effectively collide. For an effective collision to occur, the reactant molecules must be oriented in space correctly to facilitate the breaking and forming of bonds and the rearrangement of atoms that result in the formation of product molecules.

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In a particular redox reaction, no2– is oxidized to no3– and cu2 is reduced to cu . Complete and balance the equation for this r

lianna [129]

Reduction half reaction: Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cu⁰(s).

Oxidation half reaction: NO₂⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) → NO₃⁻(aq) + 2H⁺(aq) + 2e⁻.

Balanced chemical reaction:

Cu²⁺(aq) + NO₂⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) → Cu(s) + NO₃⁻(aq) + 2H⁺(aq).

Copper is reduced from oxidation number +2 (Cu²⁺) to oxidation number 0 (Cu) and nitrogen is oxidized from oxidation number +3 (in NO₂⁻) to oxidation number +5 (in NO₃⁻).

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Write equations that show the processes that describe the first, second, and third ionization energies for a gaseous gadolinium

Inessa [10]

Answer:

Gd(g) → $Gd^{+}(g) + e^{-}$ , $Gd^{+}(g)$ → $Gd^{2+}(g) + e^{-}$ , $Gd^{2+}(g)$ → $Gd^{3+}(g) + e^{-}$

Explanation:

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.

The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove the valence electron(outermost) from a neutral atom:

Gd(g)→ $Gd^{+}(g) + e^{-}$

The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove next/second electron from $x^{+}$ ion. The second ionization energy is always higher than the first: