Answer: A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, and the cell will gain volume.
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Meaning of hypertonic: (1): having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. (2) of or in a state of abnormally high muscle tone.
Answer:
HA + KOH → KA + H₂O
Explanation:
The unknown solid acid in water can release its proton as this:
HA + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + A⁻
As we have the anion A⁻, when it bonded to the cation K⁺, salt can be generated, so the reaction of HA and KOH must be a neutralization one, where you form water and a salt
HA + KOH → KA + H₂O
It is a neutralization reaction because H⁺ from the acid and OH⁻ from the base can be neutralized as water
If one or more nucleotide pairs are deleted from a DNA strand, this is known as a frameshift mutation
<h3>
Define Frameshift Mutation</h3>
Insertions or deletions in the genome that are not multiples of three nucleotides are referred to as frameshift mutations. They are a particular class of insertion-deletion (indel) alterations that are present in polypeptides' coding sequences. Here, there are no multiples of three in the number of nucleotides that are added to or subtracted from the coding sequence. They may result from really basic alterations like the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide.
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Frameshift mutations' effects</h3>
One of the most harmful modifications to a protein's coding sequence is a frameshift mutation. They are quite prone to produce non-functional proteins that frequently interfere with a cell's metabolic processes and result in significant alterations to polypeptide length and chemical makeup. Frameshift mutations can cause the mRNA to stop translating too soon and create an extended polypeptide.
Learn more about Frameshift mutations here:-
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Step 1-Light Dependent
CO2 and H2O enter the leaf
Step 2- Light Dependent
Light hits the pigment in the membrane of a thylakoid, splitting the H2O into O2
Step 3- Light Dependent
The electrons move down to enzymes
Step 4-Light Dependent
Sunlight hits the second pigment molecule allowing the enzymes to convert ADP to ATP and NADP+ gets converted to NADPH
Step 5-Light independent
The ATP and NADPH is used by the calvin cycle as a power source for converting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into simple sugar glucose.
Step 6-Light independent
The calvin cycle converts 3CO2 molecules from the atmosphere to glucose
calvin cycle
The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
