De Broglie's identity gives the relationship between the momentum and the wavelength of a particle:

where
p is the particle momentum
m is its mass
v its velocity
h is the Planck constant

is the wavelength
By re-arranging the equation, we get

and by using the data about the proton, given in the text, we can find the proton's wavelength:
Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Fresnel diffraction is produced when light from a point source meets an obstacle, the waves are spherical and the pattern observed is a fringed image of the object. Fraunhofer diffraction occurs with plane wave-fronts with the object effectively at infinity. The pattern is in a particular direction and is a fringed image of the source.
Answer:
A trough
Explanation:
A trough is an elongated area of relatively low pressure extending from the center of a region of low pressure.
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Answer:
Diffusing the gradient ensures that most of the molecules in high concentration zone will wind up in the previously low concentration by the spontaneous movement of small molecules.
Explanation:
A gradient of concentration is the difference between in concentration of one place / area substance to different area. Having a molecule flow down its concentration gradient means moving the molecules from hypotonic areas to the concentration hypertonic areas
Diffusing the gradient ensures that most of the molecules in high concentration zone will wind up in the previously low concentration by the spontaneous movement of small molecules.
Plate Tectonics cause most earthquakes.