Isotopes of carbon or any element
PH is defined as the negative log of Hydrogen ion concentration. Mathematically we can write this as:
![pH=-log[H^{+}]=-log[H_{3}O]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=pH%3D-log%5BH%5E%7B%2B%7D%5D%3D-log%5BH_%7B3%7DO%5D%20%20)
We are given the concentration of

. Using the value in formula, we get:
Therefore, the pH of the solution will be 3.745
Almost all catalysts work by lowering the activation energy of the reaction with no change in the free energy of the reaction
- So in this case we can say that palladium reduce automobile pollution by catalyzing the reaction between un-burned hydrocarbons and oxygen :
D. by decreasing the activation energy