Assume that television broadcasts are nonrival and nonexcludable (some TV stations, such as those on cable TV, are excludable, b
ut many are not) and that there are no live TV recording devices, such as VCRs or DVRs like TiVo. How can advertising solve the free‑rider problem?
2 answers:
Answer: Advertising acts in a method similar to a fee. People who watch TV broadcasts must watch ADs. TV stations turn this into money by selling airtime to advertisers.
Explanation:
A non-rival good is a good whose consumption by one person does not reduce the remaining quantity available. An example is a street light.
For non-excludable goods, it is impossible to prevent everyone from enjoying the benefits of the good. An example is a lighthouse. This is where the free rider problem comes in.
A free rider is someone enjoying the benefits of a good without paying for it. When a good is both non-rival and non-excludable, it is convenient for consumers to enjoy the benefit without paying for it.
If TV broadcasts are both non-rival and non-excludable, everybody can choose to become a free rider. Advertising can solve this problem by converting free riders to potential buyers of goods or services advertised during broadcasts. This way, stations can generate revenue by selling airtime.
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Answer:
ηa=0.349
ηb=0.345
Explanation:
The enthalpy and entropy at state 3 are determined from the given pressure and temperature with data from table:
The quality at state 4 is determined from the condition and the entropies of the components at the condenser pressure taken from table:
The enthalpy at state 4 then is:
Part A
In the case when the water is in a saturated liquid state at the entrance of the pump the enthalpy and specific volume are determined from A-5 for the given pressure:
The enthalpy at state 2 is determined from an energy balance on the pump:
=346.67 kJ/kg
The thermal efficiency is then determined from the heat input and output in the cycle:
Part B
In the case when the water is at a lower temperature than the saturation temperature at the condenser pressure we look into table and see the water is in a compressed liquid state. Then we take the enthalpy and specific volume for that temperature with data from and the saturated liquid values:
The enthalpy at state 2 is then determined from an energy balance on the pump:
=299.79 kJ/kg
The thermal efficiency in this case then is: