The three types of human movement include the following below:
- Flexion
- Lateral Flexion
- Dorsiflexion
<h3>What is Movement?</h3>
This is referred to as the process in which parts of the body system such as arms are moved for different reasons.
Examples of the movements include flexion which is a bending movement and it decreases the angle between the body parts involved such as the knee. The lateral flexion is the movement of a part of the body to the side and example is the neck.
On the other hand, dorsiflexion is the backward bending of parts of the body such as legs etc.
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Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
