A process engineer performed jar tests for a water in order to determine the optimal pH and dose using alum. A test was conducte
d by first dosing each jar with the same alum dose of 10 mg/L and varying pH in each jar from 5.0 to 7.5 with an increment of 0.5 unit of pH. After the first test, he/she plotted the results of remaining turbidity versus pH and found the optimal pH was 6.25. He/she continuously perform a second set of jar tests by holding the optimal pH of 6.25 constant and varying alum doses from 10 to 15 mg/L. Here are the results:
Results of Jar Tests for raw water at optimal pH of 6.25
Turbidity of raw water = 15 NTU
Alkalinity of raw water = 5 mg/L expressed as CaCO3.
Alum Dose 10 11 12 13 14 15
(mg/L)
Turbidity 5.0 4.6 4.5 3.0 5.0 6.0
Remaining
(NTU)
Determine:
1) Plot turbidity versus dose and find the optimal dose of alum (mg/L) with the water lowest remaining turbidity.
2) The theoretical amount of alkalinity consumed at the optimal dose expressed as CaCO3, mg/L.
3) Compared with the theoretical alkalinity from the above results, is the raw water alkalinity sufficient for the coagulation? If not, what kinds of chemical do you need in order to enhance the alkalinity?
Results of Jar Tests for raw water at optimal pH of 6.25
Turbidity of raw water = 15 NTU
Alkalinity of raw water = 5 mg/L expressed as CaCO3.
Alum Dose 10 11 12 13 14 15
(mg/L)
Turbidity 5.0 4.6 4.5 3.0 5.0 6.0
Remaining
(NTU)
Determine:
1) Plot turbidity versus dose and find the optimal dose of alum (mg/L) with the water lowest remaining turbidity.
2) The theoretical amount of alkalinity consumed at the optimal dose expressed as CaCO3, mg/L.
3) Compared with the theoretical alkalinity from the above results, is the raw water alkalinity sufficient for the coagulation? If not, what kinds of chemical do you need in order to enhance the alkalinity?
1 answer:
Answer:
1) 13 mg/liters
2) 72.22 mg/lit
3) The Alkanity in raw water is not sufficient enough and the kinds of chemicals needed to enhance its acidity are
- CaO
- KOH
- Na2CO3
- NaOH
- CO2
- NaHCO3
Explanation:
1) plot of turbidity versus dose and optimal dose of Alum ( mg/L )
Optimal dose of Alum = 13 mg/liters from the graph attached below
2) Theoretical amount of alkalinity consumed at the optimal dose can be calculated as follows
Alkanity is due to
given optimal dose of Alum = 13 mg/liters for question 1
I mole of alum = 2 moles of AL(OH)3
666 grams of alum = 2*27 = 54 grams of AL(OH)3
hence 1 mole of = (13/54 ) mMole / lit
The moles of HCO3 = 6 * because 1 mole of Alum reacts with 6 moles of HC03
[HCO3] as CaCO3 = 6 * (13/54) * 50
= 72.22 mg/lit (theoretical amount of alkalinity consumed)
3) The Alkanity in raw water is not sufficient enough and the kinds of chemicals needed to enhance its acidity are
- CaO
- KOH
- Na2CO3
- NaOH
- CO2
- NaHCO3
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Answer:
Explanation:
Sample output:
BANK ACCOUT PROGRAM!
----------------------------------
Enter the old balance: 1234.50
Enter the transactions now.
Enter an F for the transaction type when you are finished.
Transaction Type (D=deposit, W=withdrawal, F=finished): D
Amount: 568.34
Transaction Type (D=deposit, W=withdrawal, F=finished): W
Amount: 25.68
Transaction Type (D=deposit, W=withdrawal, F=finished): W
Amount: 167.40
Transaction Type (D=deposit, W=withdrawal, F=finished): F
Your ending balance is $1609.76
Program is ending
Code to copy:
// include the necessary header files.
#include<stdio.h>
// Definition of the function
float withdraw(float account_balance, float withdraw_amount)
{
// Calculate the balace amount.
float balance_amount = account_balance - withdraw_amount;
// Check whether the withdraw amount
// is greater than 0 or not.
if (withdraw_amount > 0 && balance_amount >= 0)
{
// Assign value.
account_balance = balance_amount;
}
// return account_balance
return account_balance;
}
// Definition of the function deposit.
float deposit(float account_balance, float deposit_amount)
{
// Check whether the deposit amount is greater than zero
if (deposit_amount > 0)
{
// Update account balance.
account_balance = account_balance + deposit_amount;
}
// return account balance.
return account_balance;
}
int main()
{
// Declare the variables.
float account_balance;
float deposit_amount;
float withdrawl_amount;
char input;
// display the statement on console.
printf("BANK ACCOUT PROGRAM!\n");
printf("----------------------------------\n");
// prompt the user to enter the old balance.
printf("Enter the old balance: ");
// Input balance
scanf("%f", &account_balance);
// Display the statement on console.
printf("Enter the transactions now.\n");
printf("Enter an F for the transaction type when you are finished.\n");
// Start the do while loop
do
{
// prompt the user to enter transaction type.
printf("Transaction Type (D=deposit, W=withdrawal, F=finished): ");
// Input type.
scanf(" %c", &input);
// Check if the input is D
if (input == 'D')
{
// Prompt the user to input amount.
printf("Amount: ");
// input amount.
scanf("%f", &deposit_amount);
// Call to the function.
account_balance=deposit(account_balance,deposit_amount);
}
// Check if the input is W
if (input == 'W')
{
printf("Amount: ");
scanf("%f", &withdrawl_amount);
// Call to the function.
account_balance = withdraw(account_balance,withdrawl_amount);
}
// Check if the input is F
if (input == 'F')
{
// Dispplay the amount.
printf("Your ending balance is $%.2f\n", account_balance);
printf("Program is ending\n");
}
// End the while loop
} while(input != 'F');
return 0;
}
the picture uploaded below shows the program screenshot.
cheers, i hope this helps.
