When dealing with the force of gravity between two objects, there are only two things that are important – mass, and distance. The force of gravity depends directly upon the masses of the two objects, and inversely on the square of the distance between them.
Answer:Electrons are transferred in the formation is ionic bonds.
Explanation:Why is because ionic bonds are caused by electrons transferring from one atom to another.
Answer:
Part a)

Part b)

Explanation:
Part a)
Initial value of magnetic flux is given as


so we have

Final flux through the loop is given as

now EMF is given as



Part b)
If magnetic field is constant while Area is changing
So EMF is given as



Answer: No. Circuit should be closed.
Explanation:
A changing magnetic field induces emf in a circuit which is placed in it. This induced emf causes current to flow through it. This is given by Faraday's law which states that induced emf results due to rate of change of magnetic flux.

Current flows only through a closed circuit. Thus, when a wire is moved up and down in a magnetic field, it will not induce emf because the wire does not form a loop. It is an open circuit.