The light-dependent reactions utilize light energy to make two molecules required for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy accommodation molecule ATP and the diminished electron carrier NADPH. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles termed as chloroplasts.
Electron carriers are decreased during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to NADH + H+ and FADH2. Certain carriers then donate electrons and protons to the atom carrier proteins of the electron transport chain. The last electron acceptor is oxygen. Coincidentally with oxygen, electrons and protons form molecules of water.
<span>The high-energy electron travels down an electron transport chain, losing energy as it goes. Some of the released energy drives pumping of </span><span><span>\text H^+<span>H<span><span>+</span><span></span></span></span></span>H, start superscript, plus, end superscript</span><span> ions from the stroma into the thylakoid interior, building a gradient. </span><span><span>H^+<span>H<span><span>+</span><span></span></span></span></span>H, start superscript, plus, end superscript</span><span> ions from the splitting of water also add to the gradient. </span><span><span> H^+<span>H<span><span>+</span><span></span></span></span></span>H, start superscript, plus, end superscript</span><span> ions flow down their gradient and into the stroma, they pass through ATP synthase, driving ATP production in a process known as </span>chemiosmosis<span>.</span>
Answer: Some signs of a chemical change are a change in color and the formation of bubbles. The five conditions of chemical change: color chage, formation of a precipitate, formation of a gas, odor change, temperature change.
