the answer is B. Atmosphere
60 elements! I don't exactly know every element known, so if you are asking that, please tell us, but what I do know is that there were 60 elements in the periodic table by 1860.
B)a force pushed the rock layers after they were formed
The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that particles must have in order for them to participate in a chemical reaction. During chemical reactions bonds are broken and formed. Particles must collide with sufficient energy in order for the initial bonds to be broken. The activation energy is that that initial minimum energy that the particles can have in order for the bonds to be broken. Stronger bonds would require more energy to be broken and therefore the activation energy for such would be higher.