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3 years ago

What is the major driving force for losing a proton as the last step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction?

Chemistry

1 answer:

Fofino [41]3 years ago

4 0

Answer:

Explanation:

In the following reaction we have shown an example of aromatic substitution reaction .

C₆H₆ + RCl = C₆H₅R + HCl

This reaction takes place in the presence of catalyst like AlCl₃ which is a lewis acid .

First of all formation of carbocation is made as follows .

RCl + AlCl₃ = R⁺ + AlCl₄⁻

This R⁺ is carbocation which is also called electrophile . It attacks the ring to get attached with it .

C₆H₆ + R⁺ = C₆H₅R⁺H.

The complex formed is unstable , though it is stabilized by resonance effect . In the last step H⁺ is kicked out of the ring . The driving force that does it is the steric hindrance due to presence of two adjacent group of H and R⁺ at the same place . Second driving force is attack by the base AlCl₄⁻ that had been formed earlier . It acts as base and it extracts proton ( H⁺ ) from the ring .

C₆H₅R⁺H + AlCl₄⁻ = C₆H₆ + AlCl₃ + HCl .

The formation of a stable product C₆H₆ also drives the reaction to form this product .

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olasank [31]

Answer:

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Explanation:

Given data includes:

Tris= 10mM

pH = 8.0

NaCl = 150 mM

Imidazole = 300 mM

In order to make 0.25 L solution buffer ; i.e (250 mL); we have the following component.

Stock Concentration Volume to be Final Concentration

added

1 M Tris 2.5 mL 10 mM

5 M NaCl 7.5 mL 150 mM

1 M Imidazole 75 mL 300 mM

$M_1*V_1 = M_2*V_2$ . is the formula that is used to determine the corresponding volume that is added for each stock concentration

The stock concentration of Tris ( 1 M ) is as follows:

$M_1*V_1 = M_2*V_2$ .

$1*V_1= 0.01 M *250mL\\V_1 = 2.5mL$

The stock concentration of NaCl (5 M ) is as follows:

$M_1*V_1 = M_2*V_2$ .

$1*V_1= 0.15 M *250mL\\V_1 = 7.5mL$

The stock concentration of Imidazole (1 M ) is as follows:

$M_1*V_1 = M_2*V_2$ .

$1*V_1= 0.03 M *250mL\\V_1 = 75mL$

Hence, it is the addition of all the volumes altogether that make up 0.25L (i.e 250 mL) with water.

5 0

3 years ago