A Si sample contains 1016 cm-3 In acceptor atoms and a certain number of shallow donors, the In acceptor level is 0.16 eV above
Ev , and EF is 0.26 eV above Ev at 300 K. How many (cm-3) In atoms are un-ionized (i.e., neutral)
2 answers:
You might be interested in
Answer:
check the explanation
Explanation:
1.
Thickness Loss =
Hence Rate of Corrosion = = 0.03 inches per year
2.
As the expected future life is 7 years,
40 carbon steel pipe has to be replaced every 3 years as given in the question,
Cost per unit length is the sum of material cost and installation cost.
Cost of 40 carbon steel = (5 dollars + 16.5 dollars) * 3 = 64.5 dollars
For 80 carbon steel pipe, first calculate the thickness loss,
The critical thickness is given to be 3mm, Hence change in thickness is 8.55-3 = 5.5mm
This 80 carbon steel pipe has to be replaced one more time
Hence, Cost per unit length is the sum of material cost and installation cost.
Cost of 80 carbon steel = (8.3 dollars + 16.5 dollars) * 2 = 49.6 dollars
The best is of stainless steel which does not undergo corrosion at all and thus it needs to be replaced only once throughout the plant operation. Its cost = 24.8 dollars + 16.5 dollars = 41.3 dollars
Hence, stainless steel is the recommended pipe to be used.